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Sociology 1025 > Chapter 4 - Socialization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Socialization Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define the Personal Social Identity Continuum

A

the range of trait you process that emphasise the way you see yourself as a unique individual

Which traits stand out the most to you at any given time and can vary across context

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2
Q

define master statuses

A

most influential status in an individuals status (Sex, Ethnicity, etc)

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3
Q

most influential status in an individuals status (Sex, Ethnicity, etc) are known as

A

Auxillary traits

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4
Q

how do sociologists use the term “self”

A

sociologists use the term self to refer to refer to our knowledge of ourselves as entities separate distinct from others

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5
Q

what is self concept

A

the totality of various traits, feelings and values, that underlie in out own unique personal preferences

An individual’s sense of who they are based on perceived similarities and differences from others

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6
Q

what is the social identity

A

(social view of the self): who we are in terms of the social groups we consider ourselves to be a part of

Eg. thinking that you are attractive based on the amount and kinds of attention you get

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7
Q

what is personal identity

A

the ways we consider ourselves to be unique from others

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8
Q

define Socialisation

A

lifelong process through which people learn about themselves and their various roles in society in relation to one another

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9
Q

what is an agent of socialisation

A

groups, social institutions and/or social settings that have the greatest amount of influence on the developing self

Much of the information we learn about ourselves comes from agents of socialisation

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10
Q

socialization that occurs early in life is known as ________, and in later life it is

A

primary socialization

secondary socilization

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11
Q

what is determinism

A

the degree to which an individual’s behavior, attitudes, and other “personal” characteristics are determined, or caused by something specific
domino affect

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12
Q

what are “hard” and “soft” determinism

A

Hard determinism claims that we are programmed to think and act in a particular way, either by our biology, or the society we live in

Soft determinism believes biology and society play a part, but they also believe there is some room in everyone’s life for free will, or the exercise of agency

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13
Q

what is biological determinism

A

we are determined by our genes

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14
Q

what is the human genome project

A

Human Genome Project – involves a painstaking count of the number of genes we have and investigation into what each of those genes’ codes for, either singly or in combination

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15
Q

what is the XXY males study (1962)

A

The standard pattern of chromosomes in men is XY, and women, XX

During the 1960s, the unusual XYY chromosome pattern was found in some men studied in hospitals for dangerous, violent, or criminal patients with emotional/intellectual problems in England, the United

States, and Australia

The XYY pattern was hastily declared the “criminal gene”
About 1 in 1000 men were XYY (Brown, 1968)

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16
Q

in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the Id

A

the driving force of personality, an expression of two motives that demand gratification in all humans

The 2 motives (which you can think of as instinctive drives) are eros and thanatos

Eros (related to the word erotic) is a “life drive” that is dedicated to pleasure seeking - particularly sexual pleasure

Thanatos is the “death wish,” an instinct for aggression and violence

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17
Q

in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the superego

A

the part of the mind that policies the id

Think of it as your conscious: taking messages of right and wrong that your parents, family, friends, teachers, and other socializing agents give you, and internalizes them

Personal code of moral behavior

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18
Q

in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the ego

A

the main agent of personality, driven by the id and its demands, but restrained by the superego
As the ego matures, it learns and develops strategies to satisfy the id’s demands in socially acceptable ways

This maturity happens in stages that begin in infancy and end in adolescence

Freud called them psychosexual stages because each one is associated with sexual pleasure from a different part of the body

Freud says personality is set up by the last psychosexual stage, when the superego is fully formed, and sexual maturity is achieved

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19
Q

who believed that each stage of life, from infancy to maturity, is defined by a central crisis (trust vs mistrust, intimacy vs isolation, etc.) that has a significant bearing on individual personality development

A

Erik Erikson

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20
Q

how did Erik Erikson define an identity crisis

A

a state of doubt and uncertainty resulting from the failure to resolve the conflict between identity and identity confusion

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21
Q

what is Social/Cultural Determinism (behaviorism)

A

a school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural-determinist position

It emphasizes the power of learning in the development of behavior (nature in the debate of nature vs nurture)

Behaviorism suggests social environment is the prime mover in the development of personality

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22
Q

who came up with the law of effect

A

edward thorndike

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23
Q

what are the two parts of the law of effect

A

If you do something and it’s rewarded, the likelihood that you will do it again increases
Reward is “reinforced”

If you do something and it is punished or ignored, the likelihood of your doing it again decreases

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24
Q

Attempting to change someone’s behavior by this approach is called __________ _________

A

behavior modification

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25
Q

Hard social determinism claims that just about any behavior can be ______ and ______

A

taught and learned

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26
Q

who is the founder of behaviorist psychology

A

John B. Watson

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27
Q

______ ________ warned us about taking an oversocialized view of people

A

Dennis H. Wrong (1961)

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28
Q

what could occur due to oversocialization

A

someone could resist socialization

this resonates with branding of the 21st century as advertisers try to socialize children at younger and younger ages into thinking that they can acquire social acceptance through branded products

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29
Q

what are agents of socialization for most people?

A

family
peers
community
school
mass media
legal system
culture

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30
Q

_______ _______ ________ saw all agents of socialization falling into 1 of 2 categories he named “significant other” and “generalized other”

A

George Herbert Mead

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31
Q

decribe significant others

A

are those key individuals – primarily parents – whom young children imitate and model themselves after

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32
Q

describe the generalized other

A

is not one person; it’s more like a composite of all the people who make up a group such as a team, local community, etc.

As children age, they notice the attitudes and expectations of various generalized others, and as they do they change their own behavior to conform to the social expectations of these groups

33
Q

describes Mead’s developmental sequence (first, second, thrid)

A

First: Preparatory stage: involves pure intimidation on the part of the child

Second: Play stage: where the child engages in role-taking:
This is where children become aware of the viewpoints of significant others – parents, grandparents, and siblings – and imagine what those others are thinking as they act

Third: Game stage: a child can consider several roles and viewpoints simultaneously

34
Q

who coined the looking-glass self

A

Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)

35
Q

describe the looking glass self (hint there are three parts

A

Self-image based on how people think they are viewed by others

Three components:
1. How you imagine you appear to others
2. How you imagine those others judge your appearance
3. How you feel as a result (proud, ashamed, self-confident, embarrassed)

36
Q

_______ is an individual’s first agent of socialization, and often the most powerful one

A

family

37
Q

Melvin Kohn (1959) investigated the relationship between social class and the way parents socialize (influence) their children
what was his conclusion

A

middle-class parents valued self-control or inner control, while working-class parents put a higher valuation on external control

38
Q

what did Melvin Kohn say about how middle class families vs working class families on how they socialize their children

A

Middle-class families were socializing their children into white-collar occupations by emphasizing self-reliance, independence and curiosity

Working-class families would make them successful members of that class – notably obedience to authority and conformity

39
Q

explain the culture and personality school of thought. what did is attempt to identify?

A

Attempted to identify and describe idealized personalities or “personality types” for different societies, and attach to each one a particular form of family socialization

40
Q

what is national character

A

the personality type of entire nations

the primary socialization of a child’s raising link to a countries national character

41
Q

Explain the russian example of national character

A

The People of Great Russia (1949) where Georffrey Gorer and John Rickman proposed the swaddling hypothesis

Moodiness is a typical Russian behavior: citing extremes of controlled and out-of-control behavior (alcoholism) and attributed it to the swaddling of infants commonly practiced among Russian families

42
Q

define peer group

A

a social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position, and interests

43
Q

define peer pressure

A

the social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behavior, appearance, or externally demonstrated values

44
Q

Paul E. Willis (1977) Study:
studied a groups of 12 teen boys attending working-class all-male school in Hammerstone, England

what was he tryna find?
what was his conclusion

A

Wanted to know why working-class kids settle for laboring jobs rather than trying to get the kind of jobs obtained by middle-class kids

He found that peer pressure is the reason for this

45
Q

what are examples of risk behaviors

A

driving at dangerous speeds, engaging in unsafe sexual activities, drinking to excess, experimenting with drugs, etc.

46
Q

Jeffrey Arnett and Lene Balle-Jensen (1993) did a cross-cultural study on risk behaviors in adolescents in the US and Denmark

what did he find?

A

Found that there is a correlation between risk behaviors and city size

Adolescents in larger cities are more likely to report risky behaviors than those in smaller cities

47
Q

Young people in cultures characterized by ______ socialization have greater freedom to act independently and make choices

A

broad socialization

48
Q

in cultures based on ______ socialization young people face greater pressure – from families, the authorities, and from society in general – to act a certain way and to conform to widely held expectations regarding behavior

A

narrow socialization

49
Q

Albert Bandura wanted to see if behavior could be learned without ______ and _______

A

rewards and penalties

50
Q

Albert Bandura conducted an experiment where children were placed in a room with an adult, an inflatable clown (a “Bobo doll”) and a bunch of toys while the “control group” were invited to play with the toys while the adult sat in the opposite corner

Children in the “experiment” group watched the adult abuse the Bobo doll physically and verbally then the adult left in both groups for a period of time

What were the results?

A

Children in the control group didn’t care for the doll while the children in the experimental group repeated the behaviors of the adult who left the room

children were not getting any rewards or penalties

this made Bandura’s cognitive learning theory:
- people learn by observing the behavior of other people
- we can assess the pros and cons of demonstrated actions and be judicious about how and when we perform those learned behaviors

51
Q

Huesmann’s Longitudinal Studies studied 557 Chicago-area children from Grade 1 to 4, beginning in 1977

15 years later they interviewed as many of them as they could (60%)

what were his 2 theories explaining his data

A

Observational learning theory: states that children acquire what he termed “aggressive scripts” for solving social problems through watching violence on television

Desensitization theory: increased exposure to television violence desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence

52
Q

What did Jib Fowles say about sociologists condemning violence on tv

A

Jib Fowles says that sociologists who condemn violence on tv are really using tv violence as a pretext to tackle other issues: class, “race,” gender, and generation

53
Q

What is Habitus?

Who came up with it?

A

Habitus: is a wide-ranging set of socially acquired characteristics, leisure pursuits, ways of walking, even whether you spit in public

Including, for example, definitions of “manners” and “good taste”

Each social class has its own habitus, its shared set of characteristics

Pierre Bourdieau

54
Q

what is the teacher’s role in socialization

A

The social location of the teacher: age, gender, ethnicity, and so on can have a powerful effect on the educational socialization of the student

Being the same ethic background as the student can have a positive effect on a child’s socialization experience

Kristin Klopfenstein (2005)
Found that black students who had a black math teacher in grade 9 were more likely to take a more challenging math course in grade 10

55
Q

Secondary socialization differs from primary socialization in what two ways

A

It typically involves a group that is smaller than society in general and

It usually takes place outside of the family

56
Q

define secondary socialization

A

involves learning life lessons from a different source – from classmates at school or teammates on ice instead of parents at home

57
Q

Any time you switch from one experience of socialization to another, you undergo ___________

A

resocialization

58
Q

define resocialization

A

learning and un learning

voluntary or involuntary

voluntary eg. someone geting a new job or moving to new school

involuntary eg. first nation residential schools or being drafted into millitary

59
Q

Socialization that occurs later in life is known as

A

secondary socialization

60
Q

XXY males are associated with

A

above-average height, acne, and a slightly lower intelligence

61
Q

Eros and thanatos are expressed in the

A

id

62
Q

Behaviorism is a school of thought that emphasizes the environment as

A

emphasizes the environment as the prime mover in the development of personality

63
Q

Canadian sociologist Dennis H. Wrong argued against

A

taking an oversocialized view of people

64
Q

Highly influential agents of socialization include

A

family, school, and mass media

65
Q

Charles Horton Cooley’s looking-glass self has three components:

A

how you imagine you appear to others,

how you imagine those others judge your appearance,

and how you feel as a result

66
Q

Driving at dangerous speed, unsafe sexual behaviour, and experimenting with drugs are all examples of

A

risk behaviours

67
Q

Huesmann proposed two theories to explain the connection between consuming violent media as a child and aggressive behaviour as an adult:

A

observational learning theory and desensitization theory

68
Q

Any time you switch from one experience of socialization to another, whether as a child or an adult, you undergo

A

resocialization

69
Q

A degradation ceremony is

A

a kind of rite of passage where a person is stripped of his or her individuality

70
Q

Hazing rituals have long been practised in athletics and typically involve

A

degradation ceremony imposed on the team’s rookies by veteran players

71
Q

what is anticipatory socialization

A

when we prepare for out future of roles

eg. when children play house

72
Q

when old behaviors, roles or socialization is no longer relevant to a person, they have been ______

A

resocialized

73
Q

concerted cultivation was observed by _______ in 2002

A

Lareau

74
Q

what was the starting point for the development of formal rationalization

A

the industrial revolutions

75
Q

Weber believed that with the increase in formal rationalization, the West was becoming increasingly _________ which can only lead to further alienation on part of the individuals

A

Weber believed that with the increase in formal rationalization, the West was becoming increasingly disenchanted (lacking in magic, fantasy, or mystery) which can only lead to further alienation on part of the individuals

76
Q

Weber worries and warned about the oncoming danger of the “_________,” meaning a world in which every aspect of life is controlled by the formal rationalization of bureaucracy (dehumanized and over-controlled)

A

Weber worries and warned about the oncoming danger of the “iron cage of rationality,” meaning a world in which every aspect of life is controlled by the formal rationalization of bureaucracy (dehumanized and over-controlled)

77
Q

what is mcdonaldification in the eyes of George Ritzer

A

the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world”

78
Q

what are the four fundamental elements of Weber’s formal rationalization

A

efficiency, quantification, predictability and control

79
Q

substantice rationalization envolves the substance of _____ and _____ norms

A

values and ethical norms

Sociology 1025 (13 decks)

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