Chapter 4 - Socialization Flashcards
define the Personal Social Identity Continuum
the range of trait you process that emphasise the way you see yourself as a unique individual
Which traits stand out the most to you at any given time and can vary across context
define master statuses
most influential status in an individuals status (Sex, Ethnicity, etc)
most influential status in an individuals status (Sex, Ethnicity, etc) are known as
Auxillary traits
how do sociologists use the term “self”
sociologists use the term self to refer to refer to our knowledge of ourselves as entities separate distinct from others
what is self concept
the totality of various traits, feelings and values, that underlie in out own unique personal preferences
An individual’s sense of who they are based on perceived similarities and differences from others
what is the social identity
(social view of the self): who we are in terms of the social groups we consider ourselves to be a part of
Eg. thinking that you are attractive based on the amount and kinds of attention you get
what is personal identity
the ways we consider ourselves to be unique from others
define Socialisation
lifelong process through which people learn about themselves and their various roles in society in relation to one another
what is an agent of socialisation
groups, social institutions and/or social settings that have the greatest amount of influence on the developing self
Much of the information we learn about ourselves comes from agents of socialisation
socialization that occurs early in life is known as ________, and in later life it is
primary socialization
secondary socilization
what is determinism
the degree to which an individual’s behavior, attitudes, and other “personal” characteristics are determined, or caused by something specific
domino affect
what are “hard” and “soft” determinism
Hard determinism claims that we are programmed to think and act in a particular way, either by our biology, or the society we live in
Soft determinism believes biology and society play a part, but they also believe there is some room in everyone’s life for free will, or the exercise of agency
what is biological determinism
we are determined by our genes
what is the human genome project
Human Genome Project – involves a painstaking count of the number of genes we have and investigation into what each of those genes’ codes for, either singly or in combination
what is the XXY males study (1962)
The standard pattern of chromosomes in men is XY, and women, XX
During the 1960s, the unusual XYY chromosome pattern was found in some men studied in hospitals for dangerous, violent, or criminal patients with emotional/intellectual problems in England, the United
States, and Australia
The XYY pattern was hastily declared the “criminal gene”
About 1 in 1000 men were XYY (Brown, 1968)
in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the Id
the driving force of personality, an expression of two motives that demand gratification in all humans
The 2 motives (which you can think of as instinctive drives) are eros and thanatos
Eros (related to the word erotic) is a “life drive” that is dedicated to pleasure seeking - particularly sexual pleasure
Thanatos is the “death wish,” an instinct for aggression and violence
in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the superego
the part of the mind that policies the id
Think of it as your conscious: taking messages of right and wrong that your parents, family, friends, teachers, and other socializing agents give you, and internalizes them
Personal code of moral behavior
in Freud’s psychodynamic theory describe the ego
the main agent of personality, driven by the id and its demands, but restrained by the superego
As the ego matures, it learns and develops strategies to satisfy the id’s demands in socially acceptable ways
This maturity happens in stages that begin in infancy and end in adolescence
Freud called them psychosexual stages because each one is associated with sexual pleasure from a different part of the body
Freud says personality is set up by the last psychosexual stage, when the superego is fully formed, and sexual maturity is achieved
who believed that each stage of life, from infancy to maturity, is defined by a central crisis (trust vs mistrust, intimacy vs isolation, etc.) that has a significant bearing on individual personality development
Erik Erikson
how did Erik Erikson define an identity crisis
a state of doubt and uncertainty resulting from the failure to resolve the conflict between identity and identity confusion
what is Social/Cultural Determinism (behaviorism)
a school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural-determinist position
It emphasizes the power of learning in the development of behavior (nature in the debate of nature vs nurture)
Behaviorism suggests social environment is the prime mover in the development of personality
who came up with the law of effect
edward thorndike
what are the two parts of the law of effect
If you do something and it’s rewarded, the likelihood that you will do it again increases
Reward is “reinforced”
If you do something and it is punished or ignored, the likelihood of your doing it again decreases
Attempting to change someone’s behavior by this approach is called __________ _________
behavior modification
Hard social determinism claims that just about any behavior can be ______ and ______
taught and learned
who is the founder of behaviorist psychology
John B. Watson
______ ________ warned us about taking an oversocialized view of people
Dennis H. Wrong (1961)
what could occur due to oversocialization
someone could resist socialization
this resonates with branding of the 21st century as advertisers try to socialize children at younger and younger ages into thinking that they can acquire social acceptance through branded products
what are agents of socialization for most people?
family
peers
community
school
mass media
legal system
culture
_______ _______ ________ saw all agents of socialization falling into 1 of 2 categories he named “significant other” and “generalized other”
George Herbert Mead
decribe significant others
are those key individuals – primarily parents – whom young children imitate and model themselves after
describe the generalized other
is not one person; it’s more like a composite of all the people who make up a group such as a team, local community, etc.
As children age, they notice the attitudes and expectations of various generalized others, and as they do they change their own behavior to conform to the social expectations of these groups
describes Mead’s developmental sequence (first, second, thrid)
First: Preparatory stage: involves pure intimidation on the part of the child
Second: Play stage: where the child engages in role-taking:
This is where children become aware of the viewpoints of significant others – parents, grandparents, and siblings – and imagine what those others are thinking as they act
Third: Game stage: a child can consider several roles and viewpoints simultaneously
who coined the looking-glass self
Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)
describe the looking glass self (hint there are three parts
Self-image based on how people think they are viewed by others
Three components:
1. How you imagine you appear to others
2. How you imagine those others judge your appearance
3. How you feel as a result (proud, ashamed, self-confident, embarrassed)
_______ is an individual’s first agent of socialization, and often the most powerful one
family
Melvin Kohn (1959) investigated the relationship between social class and the way parents socialize (influence) their children
what was his conclusion
middle-class parents valued self-control or inner control, while working-class parents put a higher valuation on external control
what did Melvin Kohn say about how middle class families vs working class families on how they socialize their children
Middle-class families were socializing their children into white-collar occupations by emphasizing self-reliance, independence and curiosity
Working-class families would make them successful members of that class – notably obedience to authority and conformity
explain the culture and personality school of thought. what did is attempt to identify?
Attempted to identify and describe idealized personalities or “personality types” for different societies, and attach to each one a particular form of family socialization
what is national character
the personality type of entire nations
the primary socialization of a child’s raising link to a countries national character
Explain the russian example of national character
The People of Great Russia (1949) where Georffrey Gorer and John Rickman proposed the swaddling hypothesis
Moodiness is a typical Russian behavior: citing extremes of controlled and out-of-control behavior (alcoholism) and attributed it to the swaddling of infants commonly practiced among Russian families
define peer group
a social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position, and interests
define peer pressure
the social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behavior, appearance, or externally demonstrated values
Paul E. Willis (1977) Study:
studied a groups of 12 teen boys attending working-class all-male school in Hammerstone, England
what was he tryna find?
what was his conclusion
Wanted to know why working-class kids settle for laboring jobs rather than trying to get the kind of jobs obtained by middle-class kids
He found that peer pressure is the reason for this
what are examples of risk behaviors
driving at dangerous speeds, engaging in unsafe sexual activities, drinking to excess, experimenting with drugs, etc.
Jeffrey Arnett and Lene Balle-Jensen (1993) did a cross-cultural study on risk behaviors in adolescents in the US and Denmark
what did he find?
Found that there is a correlation between risk behaviors and city size
Adolescents in larger cities are more likely to report risky behaviors than those in smaller cities
Young people in cultures characterized by ______ socialization have greater freedom to act independently and make choices
broad socialization
in cultures based on ______ socialization young people face greater pressure – from families, the authorities, and from society in general – to act a certain way and to conform to widely held expectations regarding behavior
narrow socialization
Albert Bandura wanted to see if behavior could be learned without ______ and _______
rewards and penalties
Albert Bandura conducted an experiment where children were placed in a room with an adult, an inflatable clown (a “Bobo doll”) and a bunch of toys while the “control group” were invited to play with the toys while the adult sat in the opposite corner
Children in the “experiment” group watched the adult abuse the Bobo doll physically and verbally then the adult left in both groups for a period of time
What were the results?
Children in the control group didn’t care for the doll while the children in the experimental group repeated the behaviors of the adult who left the room
children were not getting any rewards or penalties
this made Bandura’s cognitive learning theory:
- people learn by observing the behavior of other people
- we can assess the pros and cons of demonstrated actions and be judicious about how and when we perform those learned behaviors
Huesmann’s Longitudinal Studies studied 557 Chicago-area children from Grade 1 to 4, beginning in 1977
15 years later they interviewed as many of them as they could (60%)
what were his 2 theories explaining his data
Observational learning theory: states that children acquire what he termed “aggressive scripts” for solving social problems through watching violence on television
Desensitization theory: increased exposure to television violence desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence
What did Jib Fowles say about sociologists condemning violence on tv
Jib Fowles says that sociologists who condemn violence on tv are really using tv violence as a pretext to tackle other issues: class, “race,” gender, and generation
What is Habitus?
Who came up with it?
Habitus: is a wide-ranging set of socially acquired characteristics, leisure pursuits, ways of walking, even whether you spit in public
Including, for example, definitions of “manners” and “good taste”
Each social class has its own habitus, its shared set of characteristics
Pierre Bourdieau
what is the teacher’s role in socialization
The social location of the teacher: age, gender, ethnicity, and so on can have a powerful effect on the educational socialization of the student
Being the same ethic background as the student can have a positive effect on a child’s socialization experience
Kristin Klopfenstein (2005)
Found that black students who had a black math teacher in grade 9 were more likely to take a more challenging math course in grade 10
Secondary socialization differs from primary socialization in what two ways
It typically involves a group that is smaller than society in general and
It usually takes place outside of the family
define secondary socialization
involves learning life lessons from a different source – from classmates at school or teammates on ice instead of parents at home
Any time you switch from one experience of socialization to another, you undergo ___________
resocialization
define resocialization
learning and un learning
voluntary or involuntary
voluntary eg. someone geting a new job or moving to new school
involuntary eg. first nation residential schools or being drafted into millitary
Socialization that occurs later in life is known as
secondary socialization
XXY males are associated with
above-average height, acne, and a slightly lower intelligence
Eros and thanatos are expressed in the
id
Behaviorism is a school of thought that emphasizes the environment as
emphasizes the environment as the prime mover in the development of personality
Canadian sociologist Dennis H. Wrong argued against
taking an oversocialized view of people
Highly influential agents of socialization include
family, school, and mass media
Charles Horton Cooley’s looking-glass self has three components:
how you imagine you appear to others,
how you imagine those others judge your appearance,
and how you feel as a result
Driving at dangerous speed, unsafe sexual behaviour, and experimenting with drugs are all examples of
risk behaviours
Huesmann proposed two theories to explain the connection between consuming violent media as a child and aggressive behaviour as an adult:
observational learning theory and desensitization theory
Any time you switch from one experience of socialization to another, whether as a child or an adult, you undergo
resocialization
A degradation ceremony is
a kind of rite of passage where a person is stripped of his or her individuality
Hazing rituals have long been practised in athletics and typically involve
degradation ceremony imposed on the team’s rookies by veteran players
what is anticipatory socialization
when we prepare for out future of roles
eg. when children play house
when old behaviors, roles or socialization is no longer relevant to a person, they have been ______
resocialized
concerted cultivation was observed by _______ in 2002
Lareau
what was the starting point for the development of formal rationalization
the industrial revolutions
Weber believed that with the increase in formal rationalization, the West was becoming increasingly _________ which can only lead to further alienation on part of the individuals
Weber believed that with the increase in formal rationalization, the West was becoming increasingly disenchanted (lacking in magic, fantasy, or mystery) which can only lead to further alienation on part of the individuals
Weber worries and warned about the oncoming danger of the “_________,” meaning a world in which every aspect of life is controlled by the formal rationalization of bureaucracy (dehumanized and over-controlled)
Weber worries and warned about the oncoming danger of the “iron cage of rationality,” meaning a world in which every aspect of life is controlled by the formal rationalization of bureaucracy (dehumanized and over-controlled)
what is mcdonaldification in the eyes of George Ritzer
the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world”
what are the four fundamental elements of Weber’s formal rationalization
efficiency, quantification, predictability and control
substantice rationalization envolves the substance of _____ and _____ norms
values and ethical norms
