Chapter 8 - Race and Ethnicity Flashcards
the term “race” was first applied to humans during European ________ _______ in the 16th and 17th century
colonial expansion
The use of the term race has long reflected beliefs about ________ superiority and inferiority in context of colonial power
biological
Why quotes around “race”?
because race does not exist as distinct biological entities among humans
what three races did early scientists try to divide people into
Caucasian
mongoloid
negroid
when early scientists tried to divide people three races there were races left over, such as the ____ of japan or the _______ of Australia
the Ainu of Japan or the Aborigines of Australia
when early scientists tried to divide people three races, differences _______ supposed races often outnumbered those _______ races
Differences within supposed races often outnumbered those between races
Race is a ________ construct rather than a ________ construction
social rather than biological
race is the product of ______
realization
what is realization
a social process in which human groups are views and judged as essentially different in terms of intellect, morality, values and innate worth because of perceived differences in physical appearance or cultural heritage
a _______ _______ is a person , other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour
visual minority
__________ positions are positions associated wit different racialized groups
racialized
________ positions are common among North American sports
racialized
explain way American football is racialized
certain positions in football are almost exclusively white or black
eg. running backs are nearly all black and placekickers are almost all white
why? prejudice - Running backs were told they would never make it to the NFL as a quarterback
the story Canada tells about itself to celebrate its past and present is Canada’s _______ ________
master narrative
Racialization of the Indigenous population began in the 16th century in Europe, with a discussion of whether Indigenous people were ______ and had _______
were humans and had souls
there are 7 different indigenous status’, name at least 5
Registers indian
bill-C-13 Indian
Band member
Reserve resident
Treaty Indian (a category with its own subdivisions, as each treaty is different
Metis
Eskimo
T or F, Inuit is another word for Indian
F
Inuit is a word meaning “people” in their launguage, and differed from Indians
the term metis can be used with a lower-case m to define one type of metis, and a capital M to define another. what do they mean?
m - anyone of mixed Indigenous and non-Indigenous heritage
M- the descendants of French fur traders and Cree women
Indigenous people make up just under ____% of the population of people living in Canada, but their population is growing at a rate of ____ times that of non-Indigenous population
5%
growing at a rate of 4 times
In the late 19th century, many black Americans living in the eastern United States migrated ______ to find a place where they would be free from _______ and ___________
they migrated west
tp be free from prejudice and discrimination
The federal government of Canada granted them land where they didn’t want to live or farm. What did they name this land? how did Edmonton’s citizen’s react?
they names it Harrison Seed land
The white citizens of Edmonton made a petition against this in 1911
Canadian Prime Minister, Wilfrid Laurier accepted the petition that year
2016 census says that 2/3 of visible-minority Canadians were of ______ ancestry
Asian
what did the Canadian govvy do to stall in influx of undesirable immigrants into Canada
federal govvy in 1885 imposed a $50 head tax to any Chinese migrant entering the country
this was known as the “head taxes act”
BC ______ the head tax, and in 1903 increased it to 500$, whilst the average Chinese laborer made $_____ per year
Doubled
$300
In 1912 the govvy of Saskatchewan created the Act to Prevent the _________ of _______ Labour
Act to Prevent the Employment of Female Labour
ie. women could not be hired
_______ refers to membership in a cultural group that has roots in a particular place in the world and is associated with distinctive cultural practices and behaviors
ethnicity
unlike race, ethnicity is something you can ____ in to
opt in to
race in something you are _____ in to
born
______ is based on how you look, whilst _______ is based on practices and behaviors
race
ethnicity
what is postcolonialism
a framework that analyzes the destructive impact colonialism has on both the colonizer and the colonized
who first developed postcolonialism
Franz Fanon and Albert Memmi
what is colonialism
the economic and political exploitation of a weaker country or people by a stronger one
typically, colonialism involves a ________ nations dominating an African, Asian, or American people
European
_______ ______ is a governance policy in which a European state uses the members of a Tribe or ethnic group as it’s mediator in ruling African territory
Indirect Rule
___________ describes a secondary effect that arises from, but does not cause, a separate phenomenon
epiphenomenal
_______ applied the term epiphenomenal in a sociological context
Marx
Marx believed that _____ structure was the main causal factor in society and everything else was _________
economic structure = main causal factor in society
everything = epiphenominal
According to Epiphenomenal theory, what is the relation between ethnic conflict and economic class
Epiphenomenal theory suggests that any ethnic conflict is just a by-product of the struggle between economic class
__________ focuses on emerging ethnicity rather than on long-established ethnic characteristics
instrumentalism
Elite members who mobilize ethnicity for personal gain are called _______ _________
ethnic entrepreneurs
what view sees ethnicity as artificial and as constructed by the elites
social constructivism
what is standpoint theory
argues that the perspective sociological researchers bring to their work is strongly influences by their social location, gender, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation and other social characteristics
who was the first African American sociologist
W.E.B Du Bois
who was the first Canadian sociologist
Daniel G. Hill
what is intersectionality
refers to the way different social factors (class, age, gender, etc.) combine to shape the experience of a minoritized group
Intersectionality theory was first developed by ________, and then elaborated on by _________
Crenshaw and then Collins
what does intersectionality theory say about the experience of being female
argues against the notion promoted by early white liberal feminists that the experience of being “female” is basically the same for all women
states that gender is experienced differently when combined with negatively valued social locations such as certain minoritized ethnicities (ex: African Americans)
race is the product of what 4 linked elements
racialization
discrimination
prejudice
power
what is colorism
the unique experience of a racialized person based on how dark or light their skin is
the open, conscious expression of racist views is known as _____
racial bigotry
when racist practices, rules, laws become institutionalized it is referred to as ______ ______
systemic/institutionalized racism
when someone is being racism but it is hidden behind a smile or words that seem friendly, what are they practicing
friendly racism
people who study race and also study _______ and ______ of immigrants into the Canadian labor market
immigration and integration
_______ refers to the physicals characteristics that distinguish people, how you appear (favorably or unfavorably) to others, and it used to classify humankind
race
race is often distinguished by ______ physical differences that a particular society considers significant
superficial
race is socially ______
constructed
race is not a ______ entity among humans
biological
______ is one’s membership to a cultural group
ethnicity
the practices, values and beliefs of a group are that group’s _______ culture, such as launguage, foods, practices, values etc
shared
one can have multiple _____ but only one _____
multiple ethnicities
one race
a person’s _______ ethnicity focuses on where their ancestors originated
objective
a person’s _______ ethnicity can be self-identified and refers to how one feels about their ethnicity
subjective
_________ is the view that ethnic groups can be defined by characteristics that have been brought from the past without change
essentialism/primordialism
________ is often used to explain the consistent traits that exist within ethnic groups, however it is known that people are _______ into traits
essentialism
socialized
the country in which someone was born is their _______
nationality
what is racialization
process by which racial categories are constructed as different and unequal, in ways that have social, economic, and political consequences.
_______ created the idea of “the other”
racialization
the Canadian Census does not ask about ______, instead they as about ______ _______ status
race
visible minority staus
the Canadian census asks about people’s _____ origins
cultural (where their ancestors come from)
_______ has an outdated feel but is still used in the Indian Act, rather ______ is the preferred term
aboriginal
indigenous
_______ ______ are reserve based communities, who had customs and traditions before the arrival of settlers
first nations
racism that lies within an individual is called ______ ______,
for white people this can be ________ ________
for people of color this can be _______ _______
internalized racism
internalized privilege
internalized oppression
_______ racism highlights how racism operates as a system of power with multiple interconnected, reinforcing, perpetuating components that result in racial inequalities that occur across many
structural
the racial wealth gap is an example of ______ racism
structural
bias and bigotry are examples of _________ racism, and occurs between individuals
interpersonal racism
what is the difference between institutional racism and structural racism
structural racism refers to a specific institution
________ mobility refers to people who once responded to the Indigenous identity question one way, and now identify as Indigenous
response
people are willing to accept that race causes differences in people’s lives, but less willing to accepts that they receive _______ for being white
advantages
______ describes white privledges as the unearned advantages based on race which can be observed both systematically and individually like all unearned privileges in society
McIntosh
McIntosh coined ________ the invisible ______
unpacking the invisible knapsack
what does McIntosh mean when she refers to unpacking the invisible knapsack
We have a knapsack that is invisible, if you are a white male, you have privileges that you can pull from this knapsack that can help you navigate through the social world
If you are a black woman, you will have less things to pull out of that knapsack
_________ would argue that if something has existed for a long time, it must serve a function and thus be a feature of society
functionalists
______ theory states that racial inequalities are used to maintain power
conflict
conflict theory states that the __________ benefit from the workers fighting amongst themselves because they are not focused on ________ that oppresses them all
the bourgeoisie
capitalism
the conflict theory states that when the working class are in disagreement amongst themselves, they cannot form a class _________
class consciousness
Critical race theory states that racism is a typical way that society constructs its affairs; the social institutions are constructed by ______ people for _______ people
white ppl
CRT proposes that _____-_____ whites are also served by the system, giving them an advantage _____-______ blacks
lower-class
- this system even serves the lower-class whites
what is intergenerational trauma
exposure to early adverse events, such as child abuse, parental incarceration or divorce, substance abuse, poverty, or natural disasters, affects people so profoundly that future generations may be impacted as well.
in CRT, _____ theory is vitally important
standpoint theory
if we were interested in looking at gender wage gap inequalities. We can also look at the visible minority wage gap. What are the intersections of the two? What about the earnings of a Black woman compared to a White woman? Or a White woman compared to a Black man?
what theory does this example represent
intersectionality theory
what is intersectionality theory
interconnected social categories including race, class and gender which can overlap to create oppression for minorities in our society
More immigrants in Canada are coming from ______-_________ ______ countries (Asia, Africa, Carribean, etc.)
non-traditional source countries
when immagrants come to canada where do they tend to live and why
tend live in census metropolitan areas (areas with populations over 100,000 people) because of employment opportunities
earlier on in Canadian history, most migrants came from ______, now there is an increase in immigration from other parts of ______
Britain
Europe
we can still see most immigrants from _______ _______ countries (British Isles, Europe, United States)
tradition source
In 1962, Canada passed new immigration laws that prohibited ________ that included ____ or _____
racism that included origin or religion
1967 the _____ system was included to make immigration fair to compare literacy skills, etc.
point
what two additions to the immigration system played a part in Canada’s diversification of the foreign-born population
the point system
the new immigration laws prohibiting racism
during WW2 there was _______ immigration
after WW2 there was ________
during - little
after - influx
Indigenous people are earning _____ than non-Indigenous people
less
Indigenous people are ______ likely to attend high school or university than non-Indigenous individuals even with the mechanisms in place to avoid this
less
Immigrants are earning less because they struggle getting recognition for their ______ and _____ from their countries of origin
degrees and experience
the ______ ________ model claims that the longer immigrants are in the labor market, the more they earn; they will eventually earn more than a candian citizen
the linear assimilation model
the children of immigrant families are _____ education, ______ than the average Canadian citizen
highly
more
what is a 1.5 generational immigrant
if you immigrated at 14 or younger, you are a 1.5 immigrant, their socialization did not happen in Canada
what is a first generation immigrant
someone who came at 15 or after
what is a second generation immigrant
born in canada, but immigrant family
what is assimilation
when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant cultural group. Adopting the ways of another culture
what in integration
incorporation of different groups in society
what is colonization
economic and political exploitation of people in a weaker state by a stronger one
residential schools were created to _______ indigenous children into the British Canadian society
assimilate
_______ is the total eradication of a group’s ethnicity
ethnocide
cultural plurallism values _______
diversity
_________ is a framework that analyzes the destruction that colonialism has on the colonized
postcolonialism
