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Sociology 1025 > Chapter 7 - Social Inequality > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Social Inequality Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Modern Sociology evolved from economists such as _______ and _______

A

Smith and Malthus

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2
Q

what did adam smith and thomas malthus write about? describe it

A

laissez-fair economics

the idea that governments should not try to manage or interfere in the free-market

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3
Q

_______ was optimistic, because he thought that a market free from the government would raise ________ of ______ for all

A

smith was optimistic

thought a market free from govvy would raise standards of living for all

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4
Q

_________ was not optimistic,

believing that population growth would lead to a ______ of food and resources and

population growth would be _______ by famine, war, disease

A

Malthus was not optimistic

believed population growth = scarcity of food + resources

population growth will be limited by famine war and disease

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5
Q

did marx believe that social inequality was inevitable?

A

naw

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6
Q

the study of _______ ______ is the long-term existence of significant differences in access to material goods and opportunities among social groups

A

social inequalities

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7
Q

_______ popularized the term class

A

marx

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8
Q

Near the begginning of the _______ _______, Marx and Engels described class as _________, as it reflect the relationship of people to what he called the means of production

A

communist manifesto

relational

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9
Q

what is the “means of production” as defined by Mark and Engels

A

the resources needed to produce goods (hence wealth)

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10
Q

in pre-industrial Europe, Marx studied the main means of production being ______ land

A

fertile land

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11
Q

according to Marx, wealth in pre-industrial Europe was produced by what

A

growing crops and raising livestock

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12
Q

the means of production in pre-industrial Europe became _________; the money needed to build factories, purchase raw materials into manufacured products

A

capital

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13
Q

in pre-industrial Europe , those who owned land were parts of the ________

A

aristocracy

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14
Q

what did Marx see as the only 2 possible relationships you could have to the means of production

A

you owned them (bourgeoisie)
you worked for the owners (proletariat)

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15
Q

what two subclasses did Marx identify

A

Petty (or petite) bourgeoisie

Lumpenproletariat

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16
Q

Petty (or petite) bourgeoise:

made up of ______ _____ owners with ______ capital

A

small-time owners with little capital

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17
Q

what is a lumpenproletariat

A

the small-time criminals, beggars and unemployed

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18
Q

the factory act of 1833 was an act that put limitations on things like ______ hours, _____ of workers, hours _______ per week

all in the favor of _______

A

limited

working hours
age of workers
hours worked per week
all in favor of workers

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19
Q

how did the bourgeoisie react to the factory act of 1833

A

The bourgeoisie were mad and said this would make them go out of business

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20
Q

how do the limitations put on the bourgeoisie in the factory act of 1833 relate to business owners today

A

We hear the same types of concerns in business owners today about things like minimum wage

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21
Q

Marx also views class having a corporate (or organic) identity as a real social group

what does he mean by this?

A

here is a shared sense of purpose among members of each class

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22
Q

what is class consciousness

A

having awareness of what is in the best interest of one’s class

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23
Q

Which class does Marx believe had class consciousness, and which one did he believe did not

A

the owner class has class consciousness and do things to shape society in their favor

the working class does not , it has false consciousness

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24
Q

what is false consciousness

A

a belief that something is in its best interest when its not

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25
Q

what did Marx believe the proletariat’s false consciousness kept them from doing

A

kept them from waging open revolt against a system that was not working in their favor

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26
Q

What were some contributing factors to the false consciousness of proletariats?

A

religion, politics, patriotism

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27
Q

________ disagreed with Marx’s theory of class relations

A

Weber

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28
Q

Weber still views society as divided into two economic classes, but he believed that Marx’s materialist approach was too ________

A

simplistic

  • there was more to social inequality than just who owned the means of production
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29
Q

Weber’s approach is referred to as ________ _________

A

historical materialism

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30
Q

In Marx’s historical materialism he stressed three elements as contributors to social inequality

Name and Describe them

A

Wealth - owning factors and means of prod leading to greater money

Prestige - having statuses, occupational prestige (like being a doctor),

Power - the ability to achieve your goals despite opposition from others

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31
Q

What three sociologists argued that there were three classes in Canada todat

A

Curtis, Grabb and Guppy

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32
Q

name the three classes that Curtis, Gubb and Guppy suggested exist in Canada today

A

a dominant capatalist class

middle class

working class/proletariat

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33
Q

what is the dominant capitalist class as suggested by Curtis, Grabb, and Guppy

A

Composed mainly of those who control large scale production

ie. CEO + investors n shit

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34
Q

what is the main difference between Curtis, Grabb, and Guppy’s dominant class, VS Marx’s Bourgeoisie class?

A

Unlike marx’s bourgeoisie, this class can include those who do not own the company, but their interests are aligned with the owners of the company

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35
Q

accroding to Curtis, Grabb, and Gupp, what is the middle class that exists in Canada today

A

Rise of the managerial class

people who do not own the means of prod or have stock in their company but still make enough to be apart of the 1%

(managers, doctors, lawyers who are all a part of the dominant capitalist class)

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36
Q

the middle class in Curtis, Grabb, and Guppy’s theory is equivalent the _______ ________, in Marx’s class division theory

A

petty bourgeoisie

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37
Q

small-scale business people educated professional-technical or administrative personnel, Entrepreneurs, teachers, nurses, academic researchers etc

these are all example of people in the ______ class

A

middle class

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38
Q

according to Curtis, Grabb, and Guppy, what is the working class in Canada today

A

People who lack the resources to capacities apart from their own labour power

The only thing they have to sell in their labour

Trades, retail, service industry, or skilled trade

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39
Q

_________ sports offer people from proper socioeconomic backgrounds the chance to reap large financial rewards as professional athletes

A

mobility sports

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40
Q

basketball is cheap to play, and many people get “discovered” from this sport, no matter their economic background.

what kind of sport is basketball

A

a mobility sport

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41
Q

The __________ of elite minor hockey has made the cost associated with raising a pro hockey player astronomically higher

A

professionalization

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42
Q

When we talk about social Stratification we are borrowing a geological term to describe society as if it were divided into ________

A

layers

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43
Q

_________ ________ is the unequal distribution of resources (such as wealth) across a population which can limit opportunities

A

social inequality

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44
Q

what is social stratification

A

Socially sanctioned patterns of social inequality that persist in a society

45
Q

normalizing the fact that that a doctor deserves more resources/wealth than a janitor is as example of what

A

the social stratification system

46
Q

what are the 3 components to the social stratification system

A

the INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSES that define certain types of goods as desirable

the RULES

47
Q

______ is a unit of analysis in stratified sampling

A

strata

48
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

a research method in which equal samples are drawn from each stratum of the population instead of drawing one larger sample at random from the whole population

49
Q

why do we use stratified sampling

A

to divide the population into even segments for analysis

50
Q

in stratified sampling a _______ is a segment or stratum, representing each of five equal groups into which the population is divided

A

quantile

51
Q

a quantile represents ____% of the population

A

20%

52
Q

A _______ system of stratification has little to no movement between ranks; people are born and die within the same rank

A

closed

53
Q

A _______ system of stratification describes a society with mobility between different social classes

A

open

54
Q

North American societies and most democracies are _______ systems of stratification

A

open

55
Q

slavery, and human trafficking are both examples of ________ systems of stratification

A

closed

56
Q

a ______ is a closed system of stratification based solely on inherited position, often hierarchal, where people can only marry within their _______

A

caste

57
Q

________ marrying within one’s own caste
_________ marrying outside of one’s class or group

A

Endogamy - marrying within one’s own caste
Exogamy - marrying outside of one’s class or group

58
Q

in an open system of stratification, a persons social class is based on ________ measures

A

economic

59
Q

in has been said that today in open systems of stratification, your _________ determines your class

A

occupation

60
Q

in a class system, we are _______ into a social class but there is considerable room to _______ depending on ________

A

we are born into a social class but there is considerable room to move depending on resources

61
Q

what is social mobility in a social stratification system

A

movement between classes

62
Q

there are two types of social mobility:

______ mobility - movement within the same class location

________ mobility -changes from one social class to another

A

Horizontal mobility - movement within the same class location

Vertical mobility - changes from one social class to another

63
Q

social equality may be less concerning if there is sufficient ______ ______

A

social mobility

64
Q

differentiate between intergeneration mobility and intrageneration mobility

A

Intragenerational mobility - social class changes occurring within a person’s lifetime
Differences between where the child and the parents class location is

Intergenerational mobility - class mobility between parents and their children
Eg. born lower class and worked towards middle class achievements,

65
Q

what is socioeconomic status and how is it determined

A

Socioeconomic status is the position of an individual or group on the socioeconomic scale,

Which is determined by a combination of social and economic factors such as income, amount and kind of education, type and prestige of occupation, place of residence

66
Q

differentiate between wealth and income

A

Wealth refers to assets derived from sources of revenue capital such as real estate savings, stocks and bonds, investments, and other
(income on investments)

Income - money you receive for your labour

67
Q

getting a new job can be an example of ________ mobility

A

horizontal

68
Q

when people have large amounts of _______ they don’t need to work because that _______ generates more wealth

A

capital

69
Q

what is the digital divide

A

the uneven access of technology between different races, classes and geographic areas

70
Q

what is the urban world high-speed internet divide

A

the division between those who have high speed internet and regular internet

in rural vs urban locations

71
Q

_________ refers to the the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods and services

A

technology

72
Q

what is the knowledge gap? how does it relate to the digital divide

A

there is an ongoing and increasing gap in information for those who do not have access to technology because those who have access to tech also have more access to knowledge

73
Q

who designed a prison that can house people instead of punishing criminals to execution and abuse

A

Jeremy Benham

74
Q

Jeremy Benham’s prison:

__________ is a circular prison with cells arranged around a central well, from which prisoners could at all times be observed.

A

panopticon

75
Q

because of Benham’s panoptical design the criminals would be docile because they always thought they were being _______

A

watched

76
Q

how was Benham’s panopticon applied to society…. more specifically during covid

A

just like the watchtower in the prison, we are always being watched by an authority figure and thus will act docilely

arguable the same thing happened during covid when surveillance increased and freedoms were taken away

77
Q

an ________ is a set of beliefs about society and the people in it, usually forming the basis of a particular economic or political theory

A

ideology

78
Q

the set of beliefs put forward by, and generally supportive of society’s dominant culture and/or classes is referred to as the __________ ideology

A

dominant

79
Q

who invented the trickle-down theory

A

Marx

80
Q

what is the trickle down theory

A
  • the wealthy should be free to generate more wealth (and we should not interfere)
  • their wealth will trickle down to the less fortunate
  • more people will be hired, they will spend on consumer goods, putting their money into the economy, and thus helping people find jobs
81
Q

the ________ ideology says

“Those who succeed have worked really hard and are deserving of what they get, those who do not succeed are due to laziness, lack of effort etc.”

A

neoliberal ideology

82
Q

the neoliberal ideology is a _______ ideology because it is in favor of the high class

A

dominant

83
Q

the neoliberal ideology reflects social ______ because it supports the ability for an individual to move (usually upwards) from one class, or stratum to another

A

mobility

84
Q

what is the American dream

A

the belief that anyone can make it if they’re willing to work hard enough, reflects the neoliberal ideology

85
Q

failure to achieve the American dream falls back on the individual
________ _______ referred to this as blaming the victim

A

william ryan

86
Q

_______ ideology critiques the dominant ideology, i search for change

A

counter

87
Q

Classical Marxism which predicted the overthrow of the capitalist classes by the proletariat, is an obvious example of a ________ ideaology

A

counter

88
Q

________ is a term which refers to non-coercive methods of maintaining power

A

hegemony

89
Q

__________ is a critic of the dominant ideology who fathered hegemony

A

Gramsci

90
Q

_______ believed that the ruling classed relied on something more than their military and police forces to keep society running smoothly while quietly oppressing the masses

this would be a _______ society

A

Gramsci

Hegemonic

91
Q

what is the feminization of poverty

A

a concept that refers to the greater number of women who are poor around the globe

More women around the world are more likely to be poor

Tend to earn less than men

92
Q

children, unattached individuals, recent immigrants, ppl with disabilities, indigenous

these are all people more likely to what

A

be poor

93
Q

the _______ perspective believes that inequality serves a purpose

A

functionalist

94
Q

“The people that are best capable of doing these jobs, need to be in those positions - the person who is most innately talented to do a job, should be in that position”

what perspective would say this

A

Davis-Moore Thesis

95
Q

the _______ view believes that capitalism creates stratification

A

conflict

96
Q

the ______-______ thesis argues that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society

A

Davis-Moore Thesis

97
Q

what views believes that If we didn’t have some sort of social stratification we wouldn’t have doctors or lawyers because they wouldn’t get paid as much and thus would have the motivation

A

the Davis-Moore Thesis

98
Q

what are some problems with the Davis-Moore thesis

HINT - there are 4

A

most people inherit their positions

not everyone works hard to get into these positions

Some jobs that are not functionally important get paid less money (famous ppl for eg)

no real definition for “functionallt beneficial”

99
Q

_______’s views go agree with the conflict view, that stratification is an inevitable outcome of life in a capitalist society

A

Marx

100
Q

_______ said that private ownership of property and surplus create alienation

A

Marx

101
Q

what is alimentation

A

the detachment between the work of the worker and the product of the labor

eg. workers in a factory no longer feel attracted to the production they are making. But before; people were more attached because they made the entire product

102
Q

who wrote vertical mosaic and looked at wealth and power differences in society

A

John Porter

103
Q

John Port was one of the first to show that Canadian society is _______

A

hierarchal

104
Q

_______ showed that those with British origin were most likely to fall into higher social classes and that Indigenous were more likely to fall into lower classes

A

John Porter

105
Q

John Porter said that there was a corporate elite who _______ their ______ on the people

A

impose their views on the ppl

106
Q

an experiment in Manitoba called the “Mincome”, took place where everyone was given the same _______ no matter their ______

A

everyone was given the same income no matter their job

107
Q

what was the purpose of the Manitoba “Mincome” experiment

A

To see is people would act lazy knowing that they were guaranteed it no matter how hard they worked

108
Q

what were the findings of the manitoba “mincome” experiment

A

The town recorded fewer work-related injuries, fewer mental health visits and a drop in overall hospital visits

There were only small reductions in the number of hours worked by residents, except among young adults which was greater

The costs to do this exceed the little benefits

Sociology 1025 (13 decks)

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