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Sociology 1025 > Chapter 1 - Intro to Soc > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Soc Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Sociology -

A

The study of groups and group interactions in society - the systematic study of society, social variables, social institutions, social interactions (has many definitions)

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2
Q

Give examples of social variables

A

race, gender, ethnicity, religion

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3
Q

Give examples of social institutions

A

religion, education, the family

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4
Q

define society

A

group of ppl living in defined geographical location who interact with on another and share common culture

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5
Q

define culture

A

A groups shared practices and beliefs

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6
Q

define macrosociology

A

trends among and between large groups or societies

things change slowly

eg. elderly people, men, women, lgtbq+

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7
Q

define microsociology

A

trends among and between small groups

see things change quickly

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8
Q

define normative behavior

A

the expected behavior of a person

if you go against them you are deviant

eg. how to act in an elevator

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9
Q

define the sociological imagination

A

Relationship between persons behav and experiences and the winder culture that shaped the person’s choices and perceptions

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10
Q

_____ described sociological imagination as the capacity to shift from the perspective of personal experience to what has caused it (the grand societal scale)

A

Mills

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11
Q

give an example of believed choice

A

Obesity isn’t a personal preference: choosing to eat while others are you to avoid feeling not normal can eventually lead to obesity

homelessness is a choice by lazy people instead of the idea that society could be at fault as well

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12
Q

define agency

A

people’s capacity to make choices which have an impact on other people in society

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13
Q

explain agency vs structure

A

Are ppl free agents? Or directed by social structure?

Agency - ppls capacity to make choices which have an impact on other ppl + society
Social structure - framework of culture and social patterns in which social interactions take place. ie. structure that limits the choices or opportunities

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14
Q

define norms

A

Formal and informal rules of contact for membership in a group

Regulate human social interactions

Vary according to how widely accepted, how society enforces, how much conformity they require

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15
Q

define social structure

A

Social structures: the recurrent pattern or arrangement that limits society

Can be material (having a house)
Can be cultural (social norms)
Includes stratification: by race, gender, etc.
Those born in lower classes have less opportunities

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16
Q

explain what the social sciences study

A

Studies “laws” that govern human behaviour, harder to identify than nat sciences cause they change over time.

Eg. sociology and anthro used to be one discipline

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17
Q

sociology is a more recent academic discipline in response to _______ _________, _________, and population ______ in Europe in the _______.

A

A more recent academic discipline in response to the industrial revolution, urbanisation, population growth in Europe in the 1800’s

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18
Q

the emergence of wage labour; ppl working long hours to be able to afford food and cost of living, ppl moved into cities where they had horrible working conditions

who saw this and said that population will grow faster than food which will cause war, starvation and poverty

A

Thomas Malthus

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19
Q

who is the founder of sociology. what else did he contribute

A

August comte

Positivism: applying the scientific method to the social world
Believe we can improve the conditions of society

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20
Q

who is Harriet Matineau? what did she do?

A

Was the first female sociologist

Translated Comte’s work from French to English

Wrote about female rights, politics and religion

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21
Q

what did Confictus study?

A

Studied role modelling as a more effective than punishment/law enforcement in leading groups

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22
Q

who was the first person to systematically study soc

A

Ibn Khaldun

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23
Q

what did Thomas malthus propose

A

spoke on population increase; proposed that it would be kept in check by famine and disease

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24
Q

who talked about the protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism

A

Max Weber

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25
Q

what is the protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism

A

Protestant work ethic - hard work + good use of time + rejecting materialism demonstrates proof of being God’s lucky few
Ie. the protestant work ethic feeds into the capitalist spirit

No miracles: protestants didn’t believe in miracles and thought that everything could happen through knowledge

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26
Q

other than the protestant work ethic and the spirit of caitalism, what else did the founder of these things propose

A

Anti-positivism: rejection of the use of the scientific method to study the social world

Was known for his critic of objectivity - thought it was impossible to be totally objective as we bring our own values and judgements into or research

Used the term Verstehen
Known as the “interpretive method” - We cannot just use statistics and data, rather we need to pay attention to the subjective meaning of human behavior (their feelings, experiences, etc)

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27
Q

what did Karl Marx propose

A

We can improve the world by understanding social laws and social processes

Witnessed inequalities happening under industrialization and capitalism

“We have to overthrow capitalism because it oppresses people” Ie. The means of production are hurting society

Critical Sociology - Using knowledge to reduce inequality

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28
Q

Emilie Durkheim coined what

A

Social fact: patterned ways of acting, thinking and feeling that exist outside someone but exert social control over everyone
Ex: being a brother or a mother makes you act a certain way

Durkheim observed patterns in suicide facts
Men commit suicide more than women, it was higher for soldiers than citizens, there were patterns
Ex: masculinity and the expectations of man explain why a man has a higher chance to commit suicide than women

Anomie - “normelessness” when people dont have

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29
Q

what does Bourgeoisie and Proletariat mean

A

Bourgeoisie: owners of the means of production (in the early 1800’s rev these were the factory owners)

Proletariat: selling their labor to the bourgeoisie

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30
Q

W.E.B Du Boise was known as? and proposed?

A

First African American to receive a PhD from Harvard

Double consciousness: the conflict that black people experience from being subordinate in society

Black people need to be conscious of how they view themselves, but also how white people view them in a racist society

Ex: black people in the US view this double consciousness when encountering the police; How do they look in the police’s eyes?

31
Q

George Herbert Mead came up with

A

Symbolic Interactionism: symbolic meanings of our social interactions

32
Q

Carl Addington Dawson came up with

A

Social Gospel Movement: a movement in the 19th century to apply human welfare principals of Christianity to the social, medical and psychological ills created by industrialization and capitalism

33
Q

what did erving goffman do

A

Impression management: people behave in a way to avoid embarrassment (we do things that show us doing a role)

Wrote asylums

34
Q

when as the industrial revolution

A

the 1800’s

35
Q

what is structural functionalism

A

Society is a structure with interrelated parts that are meant to meet biological and social needs of individuals

  • A macrosociological approach which examines large scale patterns in society
  • Social institutions - a relatively permanent societal structure that governs the behaviour of groups and promote social order

(the sexist/racist one)

36
Q

what is a social fact and who coined it

A

a patterned way of responding to social stimuli, which is out of their control
Ie. aspects of your social location lead you to act in sociologically predictable ways (coined by Emile Durkheim)

eg. beer pressure

37
Q

what is a social institution

A

a relatively permanent societal structure that governs behavior of groups and promote social order (eg. family, dad, mom; all have roles)

A societal functionalist would argue that women staying in the home is beneficial as it has the best child outcome

38
Q

what are Merton’s Manifest and Latent Functions (3)

A

Manifest Functions - intended and easily recognized structural functions

Latent Function - unintended and unrecognized structural functions

Latent dysfunctions - unintended and produce societal negative consequences

39
Q

who coint the latent and minest functions

A

robert merton

40
Q

who is the father of conflic theory

A

Mark Marx

Viewed conflict theory about class

Believe that the conflict between the capitalist class (the bourgois) and the class of workers (the proletariat) would caused a socialist revolution that would produce a classless or egalitarian society

41
Q

what is conflict theory (the 4 C’s)

A

society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources.

Based on da 4 C’s:
Conflict - exists in all lage societies (race, sex, class etc)
Class - divisions of class cause conflict
Contestation - the functions of soc can be contested based on asking who this function serves best
Change - assumes that society will or should change

42
Q

what is an egalitarian society

A

classless society

43
Q

what did conflict theory expand into, acting as an umbrella term

A

expanded into critical sociology
umberella for feminist sociology, queer theroy etc…

44
Q

what is praxis

A

engaging in research to help people recognize their position in society

45
Q

what is the main criticism for conflict theory

A

too much stability

46
Q

what is symbolic interactionism

A

looks at the meaning or symbolism of daily lives

A microsociological theory that focuses on the relationships between individuals in society

47
Q

who pioneered symbolic interactionism and what did they say about it

A

George Herbert Mead

Examined how individuals self is constructed as we interact with others and how the self allows us to take one social roles, reflected on ourselves and internalise social expectations

48
Q

who pioneered symbolic interactionism and what did they say about it

A

George Herbert Mead

Examined how individuals self is constructed as we interact with others and how the self allows us to take one social roles, reflected on ourselves and internalize social expectations

49
Q

who came up with the idea of a “symbolic interaction” and what did they say about it

A

Herbert blumer

Social systems (friendship patterns, economy, education) are simply by products of our personal interactions

50
Q

________ came up with dramaturgical analysis (front/back stage) and wrote asylums

A

Erving Goffman

Total institutions - institutions such as the military hospitals and asylums that regulate all aspects of an individual’s life (sleep, diet, etc)

All social interactions are performance - your try to put on the best performance
Front stage (in front of ppl) and backstage (you do things to prepare you for front stage such as putting on makeup)

51
Q

what does the feminist theory study

A

tackles centuries of patriarchy; a social organization in which men hold all of the political, social and cultural social power

52
Q

o was the first woman to examine women;s roles in society

A

Harriet Martineau

53
Q

Dorthy smith coined _______ theory which is what

A

Standpoint theory - knowledge is developed from one’s particular lived position or standpoint so objectivity is impossible

54
Q

what are the waves of feminism

A

1st- the suffrage movement; civil and political rights for women such as the right to vote

2nd- the right to education, work, equal pay, domestic violence, and reproductive rights

3rd- minorities left out of the second wave, POC, LGBTQ, women in poverty

4th- current feminism, bread spectrum, social media

55
Q

what do Marxist feminists believe

A

Believe the economy is the route to feminism

Only way to solve the problem would ne to overthrow the capitalist system

56
Q

what do liberal feminists believe

A

Instead over overthrowing the capitalist system, to change things work within the system itself; implement laws that will help improve women’s conditions

Progressive approach; take down structural barriers

They believe women should be able to participate in sex work freely

57
Q

what do radical feminists believe

A

Women are oppressed by the patriarchy

Change the institutions within the patriarchy

Sex work is never fair or okay - women should not have to resort to selling their bodies to make money

58
Q

the postmodernist perspective is a different lens of looking at society. Explain

A

-there is no real truth; knowledge is always made or invented not discovered, all ideas and facts are believed not known

Referred sometimes to “knowledges”

59
Q

how does standpoint theory relate to the postmodernist perspective

A

Standpoint theory - Knowledge is always developed from a particular position, or “standpoint”
Eg. sociology was developed from a male standpoint that overlooked women

60
Q

what is totalitarian discourse

A

any discourse that makes a universal claim about how all knowledge and understanding can be achieved; set of beliefs that dominate all others

61
Q

explain what is meant by voices in the postmodernist perpestive

A

Sees many voices
Some voices are silenced by an overarching dominated voice; usually white upper class male, their view is heard over all others

Eg. American dream is true only for those with privilege

62
Q

when did queen theory emerge and what is it

A

Emerged in 1990’s
Study of sexual phenomenon
Challenges the idea of man and woman, gay and straight
They argue that we perform our gender, it is a presentation that we put on

63
Q

what is social location

A

An individual’s social location is defined as the combination of factors including gender, race, social class, age, ability, religion, sexual orientation, and geographic location.

64
Q

the city of _____ was central to much of the early history of sociology in North America

A

Chicago

65
Q

which chicago based sociologist focused on human ecology

A

Robert E. park

Park viewed the city as the main habitat for the human species, and he would explore it and observe.

66
Q

Which Chicago-based sociologist created a 21-point system to measure the likelihood that an inmate of parole would reoffend?

A

Earnest Burgess

67
Q

Which Chicago-based sociologist founded North America’s first settlement house?

A

Jane addams

turned a run-down mansion in one of Chicago’s poorest communities into a settlement house. Hull House was an outreach and research centre that offered social and educational services to people of different ethnic backgrounds and social classes.

68
Q

Which movement applied Christian principles of human welfare to the treatment of social, medical, and psychological ills?

A

the social gospel movement

69
Q

The interdisciplinary approach that involves sociology, political science, economics, law, anthropology, and history is

A

Political economy

looks primarily at the relationship between politics and the economics of the productions, distribution, and consumption of goods, and is often Marxist in nature.

70
Q

To describe the systemic discrimination he observed in Canadian society, John Porter coined the term _____ _______

A

vertical mosaic

describes the systemic discrimination like the different tiles of a mosaic; stacked and not arranged evenly

71
Q

a _______ ___ encourages the “rapid assimilation of recent immigrants to their new society”

A

melting pot

72
Q

Which kind of sociology targets sociology departments, scholarly journals, professional associations, and conferences?

A

professional sociology - designed to generate very specific information that can be applied to a particular problem or intellectual question.

73
Q

Which kind of sociology is called the “conscience” of another sociological branch?

A

critical sociology

74
Q

Which kind of sociology emphasizes the ability to avoid “undue professionalism”?

A

public sociology

Public sociology addresses people who are not academics or politicians (i.e. the public) and therefore needs to communicate in an accessible way.

Sociology 1025 (13 decks)

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