Chapter 9: Energy Balance and Weight Management: Finding Your Equilibrium

Question 1

Android obesity

Answer 1

Excess storage of fat situated primarily within the abdominal cavity

Question 2

Appetite

Answer 2

A psychological need to eat that is associated with the pleasant sensations typically related to food

Question 3

Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE)

Answer 3

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) scaled to twenty four hours. typically used interchangeably with REE

Question 4

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 4

A clinical calculation of resting energy expenditure performed upon waking up, ten to twelve hours after ingestion, and twelve to eighteen hours after any significant physical activity. usually used interchangeably with RMR

Question 5

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

Answer 5

Technique to estimate amounts of total body water, lean tissue mass, and total body fat. It uses the resistance of tissue to the flow of an alternating electrical current

Question 6

BOD POD

Answer 6

a tool used to measure the density of the body based on the amount of air displaced as someone sits in a sealed chamber of known volume

Question 7

Body Composition

Answer 7

The chemical or anatomical composition of the body. Most commonly this is defined as the proportions of fat, muscle, bone, and other tissues within the body

Question 8

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Answer 8

A disorder of eating in which a distressing and impairing preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance happens to primary symptom

Question 9

Body Fat Distribution

Answer 9

The pattern of fat distribution on the body

Question 10

Body Image

Answer 10

An individual’s mental construct of his or her physical appearance, created from many various influences

Question 11

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 11

the body’s weight (in kilograms) divide by the square height (in meters), expressed in units of kg/m2. additionally known as Quetelet index

Question 12

Bomb Calorimeter

Answer 12

A tool that uses the heat of combustion to accurately measure the energy content of a food

Question 13

Calorimeter

Answer 13

A tool used to measure quantities of heat generated by numerous processes

Question 14

Calorimetry

Answer 14

The measuring of the quantity of heat given off by an organism. it is used to determine total energy expenditure

Question 15

Densitometry

Answer 15

A method for estimating body composition from the measurement of total body density

Question 16

Direct calorimetry

Answer 16

Determination of energy use by the body by measuring the heat discharged from an organism enclosed in an exceedingly small insulated chamber enclosed by water. the rise in the temperature of the water is directly related to the energy utilized by the organism

Question 17

Doubly labeled Water

Answer 17

a technique for measuring daily energy expenditure over extended time periods, usually seven to fourteen days, whereas subjects are living in their usual environments. small amounts of water that is isotopically tagged with deuterium and oxygen-18 (2H2O and H218O) are eaten. Energy expenditure can be calculated from the difference between the rates at that the body loses each type of isotype

Question 18

Energy

Answer 18

The capability to do work. The energy in food is a form of chemical energy, that the body converts to mechanical, electrical, or heat energy

Question 19

Energy Balance

Answer 19

The balance within the body between amounts of energy consumed and exhausted

Question 20

Energy Equilibrium

Answer 20

A balance of energy intake and output that leads to very little or no change in weight over time

Question 21

Energy Intake

Answer 21

The caloric or energy content of food provided by the sources of dietary energy: carbohydrate (4 kcal/g), protein (4 kcal/g), fat (9 kcal/g), and alcohol (7 kcal/g)

Question 22

Energy Output

Answer 22

the employment of calories or energy for basic body functions, physical activity, and processing of consumed foods

Question 23

Extreme obesity

Answer 23

obesity characterised by body weight surpassing 100% of normal; a condition so severe if usually requires surgery

Question 24

Ghrelin

Answer 24

A peptide hormone made by the stomach that stimulates feeding; generally known as the “hunger hormone”

Question 25

Gynoid obesity

Answer 25

Storage of fat placed primarily within the buttocks and thighs. additionally known as gynecoid obesity

Question 26

Hunger

Answer 26

the internal, physiological drive to seek out and consume food. not like appetite, hunger is sometimes experienced as a negative sensation, usually manifesting as an uneasy or painful sensation; the recurrent and involuntary lack of access to seek out that food may produce deficiency disease over time

Question 27

Underwater weighing

Answer 27

determining individual body density by measuring the amount of water displaced once the body is absolutely submerged in a specialised tank of water. additionally known as hydrostatic weighing

Question 28

Hypothalamus

Answer 28

a section of the brain involved in regulation of hunger and satiation, respiration, body temperature, water balance, and other body functions

Question 29

Indirect calorimetry

Answer 29

Determination of energy use by the body while not directly measuring the production of heat. strategies include gas exchange, the measurement of oxygen uptake and/or CO2 output, and also the doubly labelled water method

Question 30

Isotopes

Answer 30

forms of an element in which the atoms have same number of protons however completely different numbers of neutrons

Question 31

Lean Body Mass

Answer 31

The portion of the body exclusive of stored fat, together with muscle, bone, connective tissue, organs, and water

Question 32

Leptin

Answer 32

A hormone created by fat cells that signals the amount of body fat content and influences food intake; generally known as “satiety hormone”

Question 33

Negative Energy Balance

Answer 33

Energy intake is less than energy expenditure, leading to a depletion of body energy stores and weight loss

Question 34

Negative Self-Talk

Answer 34

Mental or verbal statements made to one’s self that reinforce negative or harmful self-perceptions

Question 35

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Answer 35

A neurochemical widely distributed throughout the brain and peripheral nerve tissue. NPY activity has been connected to feeding behavior, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular performance

Question 36

Obesity

Answer 36

BMI at or above thirty kgm2

Question 37

Overweight

Answer 37

BMI at or above 25 kg/m2 and fewer than 30 kg/m2

Question 38

Positive Energy Balance

Answer 38

Energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, leading to a rise in body energy stores and weight gain

Question 39

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

Answer 39

The minimum energy required to keep up basic physiological functions (e.g., heartbeat, muscle function, respiration). The resting rate of metabolism (RMR) extrapolated to twenty four hours. typically used interchangeably with BEE

Question 40

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Answer 40

A clinical measurement of resting energy expenditure performed 3 to four hours once ingestion or undergoing significant physical activity. typically used interchangeably with basal metabolic rate

Question 41

Satiation

Answer 41

Feeling of satisfaction and fullness that terminates a meal

Question 42

Satiety

Answer 42

the results of a food or meal that delay consequent intake. a sense of satisfaction and fullness following ingestion that quells the need for food

Question 43

Total Body Water

Answer 43

All of the water within the body, as well as intracellular and extracellular water, and water within the urinary and GI tracts

Question 44

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

Answer 44

the whole of the resting energy expenditure (REE), energy utilized in physical activity, and energy utilized in processing food (TEF); which is typically expressed in kilocalories per day

Question 45

Underwater weighing

Answer 45

determining individual body density by measuring the amount of water displaced once the body is absolutely submerged in a specialised tank of water. additionally known as hydrostatic weighing

Question 46

Very Low Calorie Diets (VLCD)

Answer 46

Diets supplying 400 to 800 kilocalories per day, that include adequate high-quality dietary protein, very little or no fat, very little sugar

Question 47

Waist Circumference

Answer 47

The waist measure, as a marker of abdominal fat content; can be used to possibly indicate health risks

Question 48

Weight cycling

Answer 48

perennial periods of gaining or losing weight. additionally known as yo-yo dieting

Question 49

Weight Management

Answer 49

The adoption of healthful and sustainable ingestion and exercise behaviors that scale back illness risk and improve well-being

Question 50

Underweight

Answer 50

BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2

Question 51

Binge

Answer 51

Consumption of a really large amount of food in an exceedingly short time (e.g., 2 hours) often accompanied by a loss of management over how much and what is consumed

Question 52

Binge Eaters

Answer 52

people who habitually consume a very great amount of food in a very short amount of time (e.g., 2 hours) and lose the ability to control over what quantity and what’s eaten

Question 53

Binge-Eating Disorder

Answer 53

an disorder of eating marked by recurrent episodes of binge intake and a sense of loss of control. The diagnosis relies on an individual’s having a median of at least 2 binge-eating episodes per week for 6 months

Question 54

Hypercellular obesity

Answer 54

obesity because of an above-average number of fat cells

Question 55

Restrained Eaters

Answer 55

people who habitually avoid food as long as possible, and then gorge on food

Question 56

Sleep Apnea

Answer 56

Periods of the absence of respiration throughout sleep