Chapter 6: Proteins and Amino Acids

Question 1

Acidosis

Answer 1

associated with abnormally low blood hydrogen ion concentration (below about 7.35) as a consequence of raised activity

Question 2

Alkalosis

Answer 2

Associated with abnormally high blood pH (above around 7.45) because of increased in basicity

Question 3

Amino Acid Pool

Answer 3

The amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are accessible for new polypeptide synthesis

Question 4

The amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are accessible for new polypeptide synthesis

Answer 4

The extent of which polypeptides in a food will be incorporated into body proteins. BV is expressed as the proportion of the absorbed dietary nitrogen retained by the body

Question 5

Buffers

Answer 5

Compounds or mixtures of compounds which will take up and unleash hydrogen ions to hold the pH of a solution constant. The buffering action of proteins and bicarbonate within the blood plays a significant role in maintaining the blood pH at 7.35 to 7.45

Question 6

Celiac Disease

Answer 6

A sickness that involves an inability to digest gluten protein, a polypeptide found in wheat, rye, oats, and barley. If untreated, it causes flattening of the villi within the gut, resulting in severe malabsorption of nutrients. Symptoms include looseness of the bowels, fatty stools, swollen belly, and extreme fatigue

Question 7

Chemical scoring

Answer 7

a technique to determine the protein quality of a food by comparing its amino acid composition with that of a reference polypeptide. additionallyreferred to as amino acid scoring

Question 8

Chymotrypsinogen/Chymotrypsin

Answer 8

A enzyme created by the pancreas that’s converted from the inactive zymogen form (chymotrypsinogen) to the active form(chymotrypsin) within the bowel

Question 9

Collagen

Answer 9

the foremost abundant fibrous polypeptide found in the body. collagen is the major constituent of human connective tissue, forms the molecular foundation for bones and teeth, and helps maintain the structure of blood vessels and other body tissues

Question 10

Complementary protein

Answer 10

an incomplete food protein whose assortment of amino acids makes up for, or enhances, another food protein’s lack of specific indispensable amino acids so the mix of the two proteins provides ample amounts of all the indispensable amino acids

Question 11

Complete (High-Quality) Proteins

Answer 11

Proteins that provide all of the indispensable amino acids within the proportions the body requires

Question 12

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 12

A hereditary disease that causes widespread disfunction of the exocrine glands, leading to chronic ling illness, abnormally high levels of electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium, chloride) in sweat, and deficiency of pancreatic enzymes required for digestion

Question 13

Deamination

Answer 13

removal of the N-terminus (-NH2) from an amino acid

Question 14

Denaturation

Answer 14

an alternation within the three-dimensional structure of a protein resulting in an unfolded peptide chain that typically lacks biological activity

Question 15

Dipeptide

Answer 15

2 amino acids joined by a peptide linkage

Question 16

Disulfide Bridge

Answer 16

A bond between the sulfur atoms of 2 sulfur-containing amino acids that helps stabilize the structure of polypeptide

Question 17

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Answer 17

The carrier of genetic info. Specific regions of each deoxyribonucleic acid molecules, referred to as genes, act as blueprints for the synthesis of proteins

Question 18

Edema

Answer 18

Swelling caused by the buildup of fluid between cells

Question 19

Essential Fatty Acids

Answer 19

The fatty acids that the body requires but cannot synthesize, and that should be obtained from diet

Question 20

Essential Nutrients

Answer 20

Substances that have got to be obtained in the diet because the body either cannot synthesize them or cannot make adequate amounts of them

Question 21

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 21

The fluid situated outside the cells. it is composed for the most part of the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) and therefore the fluid between cells in tissues (interstitial fluid), with fluid within the GI tract, eyes, joints, and spinal cord contributing a small amount. It constitutes about a third of body water

Question 22

Gout

Answer 22

an intensely painful sort of inflammatory arthritis that results from deposits of needle-like crystals of uric acid in connective tissues and/or the joint area between bones

Question 23

Hemoglobin

Answer 23

The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells that consists of 4 heme groups and 4 globin peptide chains. The presence of hemoglobin provides blood its red color

Question 24

Hydrophilic Amino Acids

Answer 24

acids that are drawn to water (water-loving)

Question 25

Hydrophobic

Answer 25

Insoluble in water

Question 26

Hydrophobic Amino Acids

Answer 26

Amino acids that are repelled by water (water-fearing)

Question 27

Immune Response

Answer 27

A coordinated set of steps, together with production of antibodies, that the immune system takes in response to an antigen substance

Question 28

Incomplete (Low-Quality) Proteins

Answer 28

Proteins that lack one or additional amino acids

Question 29

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 29

The fluid within the body's cells. it always is high in potassium and phosphate and low in sodium and chloride. It constitutes about two-thirds of total body water

Question 30

Intravascular Fluid

Answer 30

The fluid portion of the blood (plasma) contained in arteries, veins, and capillaries. It accounts for about fifteen % of the extracellular fluid

Question 31

Keratin

Answer 31

A water-insoluble fibrous protein that's the primary constituent of hair, nails, and also the outer layer of the skin

Question 32

Kwashiorkor

Answer 32

a kind of deficiency disease that happens primarily in young kids who have an infectious disease and whose diets offer marginal amounts of energy and very little protein. Common symptoms include poor growth, edema, apathy, weakness, and susceptibleness to infections

Question 33

Marasmus

Answer 33

a kind of deficiency disease ensuing from chronic inadequate consumption of dietary protein and energy that's characterised by wasting of muscle, fat and other types of body tissue

Question 34

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 34

Long, linear, single-stranded fiber molecules of ribonucleic acids synthesized from deoxyribonucleic acid templates that carry the amino acidsequence of 1 or additional proteins from the nucleus of the cell to the cytosol, where the ribosomes translate messenger RNA into proteins

Question 35

Motor Proteins

Answer 35

Proteins that use energy and convert it into some kind of mechanical work. Motor proteins are active in processes like dividing cells, contracting muscle, and swimming sperm cells

Question 36

Neurotransmitters

Answer 36

Substances discharged at the end of a excited neuron that diffuse across a smallish gap and bind to another neuron or muscle fiber, stimulating or inhibiting it

Question 37

Nitrogen Balance

Answer 37

Nitrogenous intake minus the added sum of all sources of nitrogenous excretion

Question 38

Nitrogen Equilibrium

Answer 38

Nitrogenous intake equals the added sum of all sources of nitrogenous excretion; Where the nitrogenous balance equals zero

Question 39

Nonessential Fatty Acids

Answer 39

The fatty acids that your body will build once they are required. it's not necessary to consume them in the diet

Question 40

Oligopeptide

Answer 40

Four to ten amino acids joined by amide bonds

Question 41

Peptide Bond

Answer 41

The bond between 2 amino acid residuess formed once a carboxyl (-COOH) group of 1 amino acid joins an amino (-NH2) group of another amino acid, releasing water during the process

Question 42

Peptide Bond

Answer 42

The bond between 2 amino acid residuess formed once a carboxyl (-COOH) group of 1 amino acid joins an amino (-NH2) group of another amino acid, releasing water during the process

Question 43

Polypeptide

Answer 43

than ten amino acids joined by amide bonds

Question 44

Positive nitrogen balance

Answer 44

Nitrogenous intake exceeds the added sum of all sources of nitrogenous excretion

Question 45

Precursor

Answer 45

A substance that's converted into another active substance. protein precursors also are known as proenzymes

Question 46

Proenzymes

Answer 46

Inactive precursors of enzymes

Question 47

Proteases

Answer 47

Enzymes that break down polypeptides into peptides and amino acids

Question 48

Protein Turnover

Answer 48

The constant synthesis and breakdown of proteins within the body

Question 49

Protein efficiency ratio (PER)

Answer 49

protein quality calculated by comparison of the weight gain of growing animals fed a sampled protein with growing animals fed a high-quality reference protein. It depends on each the digestibleness and therefore the amino acid composition of a peptide

Question 50

Protein Hydrolysates

Answer 50

proteins that are treated with acid or enzymes hydrolyze them down into amino acids and polypeptides

Question 51

Protein-Energy malnutrition (PEM)

Answer 51

A condition ensuing from long-run inadequate intakes of energy and protein which will result in wasting of body tissues and exaggerated susceptibleness to infection

Question 52

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 52

a kind of RNA polymer that's a significant part of ribosomes. It provides a structural framework for peptide synthesis and orchestrates the entire process

Question 53

Ribosomes

Answer 53

Cell parts composed of peptide placed within the cytosol that translate messenger RNA into polypeptide sequences

Question 54

Tripeptide

Answer 54

Tripeptide

Question 55

Trypsinogen/Trypsin

Answer 55

A proteolytic enzyme made by the pancreas that's converted from the inactive proezyme type (trypsinogen) to the active type (trypsin) within thesmall intestine

Question 56

Urea

Answer 56

the primary nitrogen-containing waste product in mammals. synthesized in liver cells from ammonia and CO2, urea is carried via the blood to the kidneys, where it’sexcreted in the body waste

Question 57

Wasting

Answer 57

The breakdown of body tissue like muscle and organ to be used as a protein supply in the event that the diet lacks dietary protein