Chapter 6: Proteins and Amino Acids Flashcards
Acidosis
associated with abnormally low blood hydrogen ion concentration (below about 7.35) as a consequence of raised activity
Alkalosis
Associated with abnormally high blood pH (above around 7.45) because of increased in basicity
Amino Acid Pool
The amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are accessible for new polypeptide synthesis
The amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are accessible for new polypeptide synthesis
The extent of which polypeptides in a food will be incorporated into body proteins. BV is expressed as the proportion of the absorbed dietary nitrogen retained by the body
Buffers
Compounds or mixtures of compounds which will take up and unleash hydrogen ions to hold the pH of a solution constant. The buffering action of proteins and bicarbonate within the blood plays a significant role in maintaining the blood pH at 7.35 to 7.45
Celiac Disease
A sickness that involves an inability to digest gluten protein, a polypeptide found in wheat, rye, oats, and barley. If untreated, it causes flattening of the villi within the gut, resulting in severe malabsorption of nutrients. Symptoms include looseness of the bowels, fatty stools, swollen belly, and extreme fatigue
Chemical scoring
a technique to determine the protein quality of a food by comparing its amino acid composition with that of a reference polypeptide. additionallyreferred to as amino acid scoring
Chymotrypsinogen/Chymotrypsin
A enzyme created by the pancreas that’s converted from the inactive zymogen form (chymotrypsinogen) to the active form(chymotrypsin) within the bowel
Collagen
the foremost abundant fibrous polypeptide found in the body. collagen is the major constituent of human connective tissue, forms the molecular foundation for bones and teeth, and helps maintain the structure of blood vessels and other body tissues
Complementary protein
an incomplete food protein whose assortment of amino acids makes up for, or enhances, another food protein’s lack of specific indispensable amino acids so the mix of the two proteins provides ample amounts of all the indispensable amino acids
Complete (High-Quality) Proteins
Proteins that provide all of the indispensable amino acids within the proportions the body requires
Cystic Fibrosis
A hereditary disease that causes widespread disfunction of the exocrine glands, leading to chronic ling illness, abnormally high levels of electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium, chloride) in sweat, and deficiency of pancreatic enzymes required for digestion
Deamination
removal of the N-terminus (-NH2) from an amino acid
Denaturation
an alternation within the three-dimensional structure of a protein resulting in an unfolded peptide chain that typically lacks biological activity
Dipeptide
2 amino acids joined by a peptide linkage
Disulfide Bridge
A bond between the sulfur atoms of 2 sulfur-containing amino acids that helps stabilize the structure of polypeptide
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
The carrier of genetic info. Specific regions of each deoxyribonucleic acid molecules, referred to as genes, act as blueprints for the synthesis of proteins
Edema
Swelling caused by the buildup of fluid between cells
Essential Fatty Acids
The fatty acids that the body requires but cannot synthesize, and that should be obtained from diet
Essential Nutrients
Substances that have got to be obtained in the diet because the body either cannot synthesize them or cannot make adequate amounts of them
Extracellular Fluid
The fluid situated outside the cells. it is composed for the most part of the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) and therefore the fluid between cells in tissues (interstitial fluid), with fluid within the GI tract, eyes, joints, and spinal cord contributing a small amount. It constitutes about a third of body water
Gout
an intensely painful sort of inflammatory arthritis that results from deposits of needle-like crystals of uric acid in connective tissues and/or the joint area between bones
Hemoglobin
The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells that consists of 4 heme groups and 4 globin peptide chains. The presence of hemoglobin provides blood its red color
Hydrophilic Amino Acids
acids that are drawn to water (water-loving)
Hydrophobic
Insoluble in water
Hydrophobic Amino Acids
Amino acids that are repelled by water (water-fearing)
Immune Response
A coordinated set of steps, together with production of antibodies, that the immune system takes in response to an antigen substance
Incomplete (Low-Quality) Proteins
Proteins that lack one or additional amino acids
Intracellular Fluid
The fluid within the body’s cells. it always is high in potassium and phosphate and low in sodium and chloride. It constitutes about two-thirds of total body water
Intravascular Fluid
The fluid portion of the blood (plasma) contained in arteries, veins, and capillaries. It accounts for about fifteen % of the extracellular fluid
Keratin
A water-insoluble fibrous protein that’s the primary constituent of hair, nails, and also the outer layer of the skin
Kwashiorkor
a kind of deficiency disease that happens primarily in young kids who have an infectious disease and whose diets offer marginal amounts of energy and very little protein. Common symptoms include poor growth, edema, apathy, weakness, and susceptibleness to infections
Marasmus
a kind of deficiency disease ensuing from chronic inadequate consumption of dietary protein and energy that’s characterised by wasting of muscle, fat and other types of body tissue
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Long, linear, single-stranded fiber molecules of ribonucleic acids synthesized from deoxyribonucleic acid templates that carry the amino acidsequence of 1 or additional proteins from the nucleus of the cell to the cytosol, where the ribosomes translate messenger RNA into proteins
Motor Proteins
Proteins that use energy and convert it into some kind of mechanical work. Motor proteins are active in processes like dividing cells, contracting muscle, and swimming sperm cells
Neurotransmitters
Substances discharged at the end of a excited neuron that diffuse across a smallish gap and bind to another neuron or muscle fiber, stimulating or inhibiting it
Nitrogen Balance
Nitrogenous intake minus the added sum of all sources of nitrogenous excretion
Nitrogen Equilibrium
Nitrogenous intake equals the added sum of all sources of nitrogenous excretion; Where the nitrogenous balance equals zero
Nonessential Fatty Acids
The fatty acids that your body will build once they are required. it’s not necessary to consume them in the diet
Oligopeptide
Four to ten amino acids joined by amide bonds
Peptide Bond
The bond between 2 amino acid residuess formed once a carboxyl (-COOH) group of 1 amino acid joins an amino (-NH2) group of another amino acid, releasing water during the process
Peptide Bond
The bond between 2 amino acid residuess formed once a carboxyl (-COOH) group of 1 amino acid joins an amino (-NH2) group of another amino acid, releasing water during the process
Polypeptide
than ten amino acids joined by amide bonds
Positive nitrogen balance
Nitrogenous intake exceeds the added sum of all sources of nitrogenous excretion
Precursor
A substance that’s converted into another active substance. protein precursors also are known as proenzymes
Proenzymes
Inactive precursors of enzymes
Proteases
Enzymes that break down polypeptides into peptides and amino acids
Protein Turnover
The constant synthesis and breakdown of proteins within the body
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
protein quality calculated by comparison of the weight gain of growing animals fed a sampled protein with growing animals fed a high-quality reference protein. It depends on each the digestibleness and therefore the amino acid composition of a peptide
Protein Hydrolysates
proteins that are treated with acid or enzymes hydrolyze them down into amino acids and polypeptides
Protein-Energy malnutrition (PEM)
A condition ensuing from long-run inadequate intakes of energy and protein which will result in wasting of body tissues and exaggerated susceptibleness to infection
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
a kind of RNA polymer that’s a significant part of ribosomes. It provides a structural framework for peptide synthesis and orchestrates the entire process
Ribosomes
Cell parts composed of peptide placed within the cytosol that translate messenger RNA into polypeptide sequences
Tripeptide
Tripeptide
Trypsinogen/Trypsin
A proteolytic enzyme made by the pancreas that’s converted from the inactive proezyme type (trypsinogen) to the active type (trypsin) within thesmall intestine
Urea
the primary nitrogen-containing waste product in mammals. synthesized in liver cells from ammonia and CO2, urea is carried via the blood to the kidneys, where it’sexcreted in the body waste
Wasting
The breakdown of body tissue like muscle and organ to be used as a protein supply in the event that the diet lacks dietary protein
