Chapter 8: Metabolism Flashcards
Acetyl CoA
A key intermediate within the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. It consists of a two-carbon acetate group coupled to coenzyme A, that comes from B vitamin
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
The compound made upon decomposition of adenosine triphosphate and can be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate. Composed of nucleoside and two phosphate groups attached.
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
chemical reaction product of ADP and of nucleic acids. Composed of the nucleoside adenosine and one phosphate molecule
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A high-energy compound that is the most direct fuel that cells use to synthesize molecules, contract muscles, transport substances, and perform different cellular tasks
Aerobic
pertaining to the presence of or no want for oxygen. the entire breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water happens solely via aerobic metabolism. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are aerobic pathways
Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)
The protein that catalyzes the oxidization of ethyl alcohol and other aliphatic alcohols
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)
The protein that catalyzes the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate, which ultimately forms acetyl CoA
Anabolism
Any biological process whereby cells convert monomeric substances into additional polymeric ones
Anaerobic
pertaining to the absence of oxygen or the power of a metabolic reaction to occur in the absence of oxygen
Beta-Oxidation
The breakdown of a fatty acid (lipid) into varied molecules of the two-carbon compound acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
Biosynthesis
Chemical reactions that transform monomeric molecules into polymeric biomolecules, particularly carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleotides, and nucleic acids
Carnitine
A compound that transports fatty acids from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, where they undergo metabolic beta-oxidation
Catabolism
Any metabolic process whereby cells break down polymeric substances into monomeric, smaller ones
Cells
the fundamental structural units of all living tissues, that have 2 major parts: the nucleus and the cytosol
Chemical Energy
Energy contained within the bonds between atoms of a molecule
Citric Acid Cycle
The metabolic pathway occurring in mitochondria within which the acetyl portion (CH3COO-) of acetyl CoA is oxidized to yield 2 molecules of CO2 and one molecule each of NADH, FADH2, and GTP. additionally referred to as the Krebs cycle and the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Coenzyme A
coenzyme A is a compound derived from the vitamin pantothenic acid (a B-complex vitamin)
Coenzymes
Organic compounds, usually vitamin B derivatives, that combine with an inactive catalyst to make an active catalyst. Coenzymes associate closely with these enzymes, permitting them to catalyze certain metabolic reactions inside the cell
Cofactors
Compounds needed for an enzyme to be active. Cofactors include coenzymes and metal ions like iron (Fé+), copper (Cú+), and magnesium (Mg2+)
Cori Cycle
The circular path that regenerates NAD+ and glucose once oxygen is low and lactate and NADH build up in excess in muscle tissue
Cytoplasm
the material of the cell, excluding the cell nucleus and cell membranes. The cytoplasm includes the semifluid cytoplasm, the organelles, and different particles
Cytosol
The semifluid within the plasma membrane, excluding organelles. The cytoplasm is the site of metabolism and fatty acid synthesis
Electron Transport Chain
an organized series of carrier molecules- together with flavin mononucleotide (FMN), coenzyme Q, and several other cytochromes- that are located in mitochondrial membranes and shuttle electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, yielding water and adenosine triphosphate
FADH2
The reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). This molecule is a coenzyme, that and is derived from the vitamin B complex riboflavin, acts as an electron carrier in cells and undergoes reversible oxidation and reduction
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
A coenzyme molecule synthesized within the body from riboflavin. It undergoes reversible oxidation and reduction and so acts as an electron carrier in cells. fad is the alter form; FADH2 is the reduced form
Glucogenic
In metabolism of amino acids, a term describing an amino acid broken down into pyruvate or an intermediate of the TCA cycle; that is, any compound that can be employed in gluconeogenesis to create glucose