Chapter 12: Water and Major Minerals Flashcards
Aldosterone
A endocrine steroid hormone secreted from the adrenal glands that act on the kidneys to control homeostatic electrolyte concentration and water balance. It raises normal blood pressure by promoting retention of sodium (salt) (and therefore water) and excretion of potassium ions
Renin
an enzyme catalyst, made by the kidney, that affects blood pressure by catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Anions
Ions that carry a negative electric charge
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts to increase blood pressure and prevents fluid excretion by the kidneys. additionally known as vasopressin
Calmodulin
A calcium-binding protein that regulates a range of cellular activities, like cellular division and proliferation
Cations
Ions that carry a positive electrical charge
Ciliary Action
wavelike motion of tiny capillary-like projections on some cells
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into charged particles (ions) when dissolved in water or other solvents and therefore become capable of conducting an electrical current. The terms electrolyte and ion are generally used interchangeably
Fibrin
A stringy, insoluble protein that is the ultimate product of the blood-clotting process
Heat capacity
Of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance one-degree celsius
Hydrogen Bonds
Noncovalent bonds between hydrogen and an atom, usually oxygen, in another molecule
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high concentrations of calcium within the blood
Hypercellular obesity
obesity because of an above-average number of fat cells
Hypercholesterolemia
The presence of greater than normal amounts of sterol within the blood
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high concentrations of glucose within the blood
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentrations within the blood
Hyperkeratosis
Excessive accumulation of the protein keratin that produces rough and bumpy skin, most ordinarily affecting the palms and soles, also as flexure areas (elbows, knees, wrists, ankles). It will have an effect on wet epithelial tissues and impair their ability to secrete mucus. additionally known as hyperkeratinization
Hypermagnesemia
an abnormally high concentration of magnesium within the blood
Hypernatremia
Abnormally high sodium concentrations within the blood because of increased renal retention of sodium or rapid intake of large amounts of salt
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, that alters calcium metabolism
Hyperphosphatemia
Abnormally high phosphate concentration within the blood
Hyperplastic obesity (Hyperplasia)
obesity due to a rise in both the size and number of fat cells
Hypocalcemia
A deficiency of calcium within the blood
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low concentration of glucose within the blood; any blood glucose value below forty to fifty mg/dL of blood
Hypogonadism
ttenuated functional activity of the gonads (ovaries or testes) with retardation of growth and sexual development
Hypokalemia
Inadequate levels of potassium within the blood
Hypomagnesemia
an abnormally low concentration of magnesium within the blood
Hyponatremia
Abnormally low sodium concentrations within the blood because of excessive excretion of sodium (by the kidney), prolonged regurgitation, or diarrhea
Hypophosphatemia
Abnormally low phosphate concentration within the blood
Hypothalamus
a section of the brain involved in the regulation of hunger and satiation, respiration, body temperature, water balance, and other body functions
Hypotheses
Scientists’ “educated guesses” to elucidate phenomena
Hypothyroidism
The results of a lowered level of circulating thyroid hormone, with attenuation of mental and physical functions
Insensible Water Loss
The continual loss of body water by evaporation from the tract and diffusion through the skin
Ions
Atoms or teams of atoms with an electrical charge resulting from the loss or gain of 1 or additional electrons
Major Mineral
a significant mineral is needed in the diet and is typically present within the body in massive amounts compared with trace minerals
Trace Minerals
Trace mineral are present within the body and needed in the diet in comparatively little amounts compared with major minerals. additionally referred to as microminerals
Macrominerals
Major minerals needed in the diet and present within the body in massive amounts compared with trace minerals
Metabolic Alkalosis
an abnormal hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of body fluids, typically caused by very significant loss of acid from the body or accrued levels of hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
Osmolarity
The concentration of dissolved particles (e.g., electrolytes) in a solution expressed per unit of volume
Osmoreceptors
Neurons within the hypothalamus that discover changes within the fluid concentration in blood and regulate the discharge of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone -ADH)
Osmosis
The movement of a solvent, like water, through a semipermeable cell membrane from the low-solute to the high-solute solution unit the concentrations on each side of the membrane are equal
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure exerted on a semipermeable cell membrane by a solvent, typically water, moving from the facet of high-solute concentration
Oxalate (Oxalic Acid)
an organic acid in some foliaceous green vegetables, like spinach, that brings to calcium to create calcium oxalate, an insoluble compound the body cannot absorb
Oxaloacetate
A four-carbon intermediate compound in the TCA cycle. acyl CoA combines with free oxalacetate in mitochondria, forming citric acid and starting the cycle
Phosphorylation
The addition of phosphate to an organic (carbon-containing) compound. oxidative phosphorylation is the formation of high-energy phosphate bonds (ADP+Pi Æ ATP) from the energy discharged by oxidization of energy-yielding nutrients
Phytate (Phytic Acid)
A phosphorus-containing compound within the outer husks of cereal grains that binds with minerals and inhibits their absorption
Plasma
The fluid portion of the blood that contains blood cells and other parts
Renin
an enzyme catalyst, made by the kidney, that affects blood pressure by catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Salts
Compounds that result from the replacement of the hydrogen of an acid with a metal or a group that acts sort of like a metal
Semipermeable Membrane
Membrane that permits passage of some substances however it blocks others
Sodium-Potassium Pumps
Mechanisms that pump sodium ions out of a cell, permitting potassium ions to enter the cell
Solutes
Substances that are dissolved in a solvent
Vasoconstrictor
A substance that causes blood vessels to constrict
vasopressin
A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts to increase blood pressure and prevents fluid excretion by the kidneys. additionally known as vasopressin
