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NASM FNS Certification > Chapter 12: Water and Major Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Water and Major Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Aldosterone

A

A endocrine steroid hormone secreted from the adrenal glands that act on the kidneys to control homeostatic electrolyte concentration and water balance. It raises normal blood pressure by promoting retention of sodium (salt) (and therefore water) and excretion of potassium ions

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2
Q

Renin

A

an enzyme catalyst, made by the kidney, that affects blood pressure by catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

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3
Q

Anions

A

Ions that carry a negative electric charge

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4
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts to increase blood pressure and prevents fluid excretion by the kidneys. additionally known as vasopressin

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5
Q

Calmodulin

A

A calcium-binding protein that regulates a range of cellular activities, like cellular division and proliferation

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6
Q

Cations

A

Ions that carry a positive electrical charge

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7
Q

Ciliary Action

A

wavelike motion of tiny capillary-like projections on some cells

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8
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that dissociate into charged particles (ions) when dissolved in water or other solvents and therefore become capable of conducting an electrical current. The terms electrolyte and ion are generally used interchangeably

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9
Q

Fibrin

A

A stringy, insoluble protein that is the ultimate product of the blood-clotting process

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10
Q

Heat capacity

A

Of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance one-degree celsius

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11
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Noncovalent bonds between hydrogen and an atom, usually oxygen, in another molecule

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12
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Abnormally high concentrations of calcium within the blood

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13
Q

Hypercellular obesity

A

obesity because of an above-average number of fat cells

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14
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

The presence of greater than normal amounts of sterol within the blood

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15
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Abnormally high concentrations of glucose within the blood

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16
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Abnormally high potassium concentrations within the blood

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17
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Excessive accumulation of the protein keratin that produces rough and bumpy skin, most ordinarily affecting the palms and soles, also as flexure areas (elbows, knees, wrists, ankles). It will have an effect on wet epithelial tissues and impair their ability to secrete mucus. additionally known as hyperkeratinization

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18
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

an abnormally high concentration of magnesium within the blood

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19
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Abnormally high sodium concentrations within the blood because of increased renal retention of sodium or rapid intake of large amounts of salt

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20
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, that alters calcium metabolism

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21
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

Abnormally high phosphate concentration within the blood

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22
Q

Hyperplastic obesity (Hyperplasia)

A

obesity due to a rise in both the size and number of fat cells

23
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

A deficiency of calcium within the blood

24
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Abnormally low concentration of glucose within the blood; any blood glucose value below forty to fifty mg/dL of blood

25
Hypogonadism
ttenuated functional activity of the gonads (ovaries or testes) with retardation of growth and sexual development
26
Hypokalemia
Inadequate levels of potassium within the blood
27
Hypomagnesemia
an abnormally low concentration of magnesium within the blood
28
Hyponatremia
Abnormally low sodium concentrations within the blood because of excessive excretion of sodium (by the kidney), prolonged regurgitation, or diarrhea
29
Hypophosphatemia
Abnormally low phosphate concentration within the blood
30
Hypothalamus
a section of the brain involved in the regulation of hunger and satiation, respiration, body temperature, water balance, and other body functions
31
Hypotheses
Scientists’ “educated guesses” to elucidate phenomena
32
Hypothyroidism
The results of a lowered level of circulating thyroid hormone, with attenuation of mental and physical functions
33
Insensible Water Loss
The continual loss of body water by evaporation from the tract and diffusion through the skin
34
Ions
Atoms or teams of atoms with an electrical charge resulting from the loss or gain of 1 or additional electrons
35
Major Mineral
a significant mineral is needed in the diet and is typically present within the body in massive amounts compared with trace minerals
36
Trace Minerals
Trace mineral are present within the body and needed in the diet in comparatively little amounts compared with major minerals. additionally referred to as microminerals
37
Macrominerals
Major minerals needed in the diet and present within the body in massive amounts compared with trace minerals
38
Metabolic Alkalosis
an abnormal hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of body fluids, typically caused by very significant loss of acid from the body or accrued levels of hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
39
Osmolarity
The concentration of dissolved particles (e.g., electrolytes) in a solution expressed per unit of volume
40
Osmoreceptors
Neurons within the hypothalamus that discover changes within the fluid concentration in blood and regulate the discharge of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone -ADH)
41
Osmosis
The movement of a solvent, like water, through a semipermeable cell membrane from the low-solute to the high-solute solution unit the concentrations on each side of the membrane are equal
42
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure exerted on a semipermeable cell membrane by a solvent, typically water, moving from the facet of high-solute concentration
43
Oxalate (Oxalic Acid)
an organic acid in some foliaceous green vegetables, like spinach, that brings to calcium to create calcium oxalate, an insoluble compound the body cannot absorb
44
Oxaloacetate
A four-carbon intermediate compound in the TCA cycle. acyl CoA combines with free oxalacetate in mitochondria, forming citric acid and starting the cycle
45
Phosphorylation
The addition of phosphate to an organic (carbon-containing) compound. oxidative phosphorylation is the formation of high-energy phosphate bonds (ADP+Pi Æ ATP) from the energy discharged by oxidization of energy-yielding nutrients
46
Phytate (Phytic Acid)
A phosphorus-containing compound within the outer husks of cereal grains that binds with minerals and inhibits their absorption
47
Plasma
The fluid portion of the blood that contains blood cells and other parts
48
Renin
an enzyme catalyst, made by the kidney, that affects blood pressure by catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
49
Salts
Compounds that result from the replacement of the hydrogen of an acid with a metal or a group that acts sort of like a metal
50
Semipermeable Membrane
Membrane that permits passage of some substances however it blocks others
51
Sodium-Potassium Pumps
Mechanisms that pump sodium ions out of a cell, permitting potassium ions to enter the cell
52
Solutes
Substances that are dissolved in a solvent
53
Vasoconstrictor
A substance that causes blood vessels to constrict
54
vasopressin
A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts to increase blood pressure and prevents fluid excretion by the kidneys. additionally known as vasopressin

NASM FNS Certification (13 decks)

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