Chapter 11: Water-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Anemia

Answer 1

Abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin within the bloodstream; which can and is often caused by impaired synthesis of red blood cells, enhanced destruction of red cells, or very significant loss of blood

Question 2

Sports Anemia

Answer 2

A lowered concentration of hemoglobin within the blood due in part to dilution. The magnified plasma volume that dilutes the hemoglobin may be a normal consequence of aerobic training

Question 3

Angular stomatitis

Answer 3

Inflammation and cracking of the skin at the corner of the mouth; a clinical of vitamin B complex deficiency

Question 4

Atrophic gastritis

Answer 4

an age-related condition within which the gastric cells of the stomach loses its ability to secrete acid. In severe cases, the ability to create intrinsic factor is additionally impaired

Question 5

Avidin

Answer 5

A polypeptide in raw egg whites hat binds biotin (a vitamin B complex), preventing its absorption. Avidin is destroyed by heat

Question 6

Beriberi

Answer 6

Thiamin-deficiency disease. Symptoms embody muscle weakness, loss of craving, nerve degeneration, and edema in some cases

Question 7

Biocytin

Answer 7

A biotin-lysine complex released from hydrolyzed protein

Question 8

Biotinidase

Answer 8

an enzyme catalyst within the small intestine that releases biotin (B complex vitamin) from biocytin

Question 9

Carboxylation

Answer 9

A reaction that adds a carboxyl group (-COOH) to a substrate, exchanging for a hydrogen atom

Question 10

Cheilosis

Answer 10

Inflammation and cracking of the lips; an indication of riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency

Question 11

Decarboxylation

Answer 11

Removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from a molecule. The carboxyl group is then discharged as CO2 (CÓ)

Question 12

Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE)

Answer 12

A measure of folate intake used to accurately account for the high bioavailability of folic acid taken as a supplement compared with the lower bioavailability of the folic acid found in foods

Question 13

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Answer 13

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are the muse of federal nutrition policy and are developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) as well as Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). These science-based guidelines are meant to cut back the number of American citizens who develop chronic diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and alcoholism

Question 14

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Answer 14

A framework of dietary standards that features estimated Average requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

Question 15

Dietary Standards

Answer 15

Set of values for suggested intake of nutrients

Question 16

Dietary Supplements

Answer 16

products taken orally in pill, capsule, powder, gel cap, or other nonfood types that contain one or additional of the following: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, enzymes, metabolites, or concentrates

Question 17

Glossitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the tongue; an indication of riboflavin deficiency

Question 18

Glutathione

Answer 18

A tripeptide of glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid that is involved in the protection of cells from oxidative cellular damage

Question 19

Glutathione Peroxidase

Answer 19

A selenium-containing enzyme that promotes the breakdown of fatty acids that have undergone peroxidation

Question 20

Hemochromatosis

Answer 20

A metabolic disorder that leads to excess iron deposits throughout the body

Question 21

Homocysteine

Answer 21

an amino acid precursor of cysteine and a risk factor for cardiopathy

Question 22

Macrocytes

Answer 22

Abnormally massive red blood cells with short life spans

Question 23

Megaloblastic Anemia

Answer 23

Excess amounts of megaloblasts within the blood caused by a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Question 24

Megaloblasts

Answer 24

massive, immature red blood cells created once precursor cells fail to divide ordinarily because of impaired deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis

Question 25

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Answer 25

Anemia characterized by little, pale red blood cells that lack adequate hemoglobin to hold oxygen; are often caused by a deficiency of iron or vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Question 26

Myelin Sheath

Answer 26

The protecting coating surrounds nerve fibers

Question 27

Myelinization

Answer 27

Development of the myelin sheath, a substance that surrounds nerve fibers

Question 28

Neural Tube Defect (NPD)

Answer 28

A anomaly ensuing from the failure of the ectoderm to develop properly throughout early fetal development

Question 29

Niacin Equivalents (NE)

Answer 29

A measure that includes performed dietary niacin in addition as nicotinic acid derived from tryptophan; 60 mg of vitamin B

Question 30

Pernicious Anemia

Answer 30

A type of anemia that results from an autoimmune- disorder that damages cells lining the abdomen and inhibits B-complex vitamin absorption, resulting in vitamin B complex deficiency

Question 31

R-Protein

Answer 31

A peptide made by the salivary glands that will shield vitamin B12 as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract and into the small bowel

Question 32

Reducing Agent

Answer 32

A compound that donates electrons or hydrogen atoms to a different compound

Question 33

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Answer 33

sickness of the oil-producing glands of the skin; an indication of vitamin B2 deficiency

Question 34

Spina Bifida

Answer 34

a kind of neural tube congenital disorder

Question 35

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

Answer 35

S coenzyme of which the nutriment thiamin is a part. It plays a key role in decarboxylation reactions and helps drive the reaction that forms acyl CoA from pyruvate in intermediary metabolism

Question 36

Tryptophan

Answer 36

an amino acid that is a B complex precursor within the body. within the body, sixty milligrams of tryptophane yields around one milligram of nicotinic acid, or one nicotinic acid equivalent (NE)