Chapter 11: Water-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards
Anemia
Abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin within the bloodstream; which can and is often caused by impaired synthesis of red blood cells, enhanced destruction of red cells, or very significant loss of blood
Sports Anemia
A lowered concentration of hemoglobin within the blood due in part to dilution. The magnified plasma volume that dilutes the hemoglobin may be a normal consequence of aerobic training
Angular stomatitis
Inflammation and cracking of the skin at the corner of the mouth; a clinical of vitamin B complex deficiency
Atrophic gastritis
an age-related condition within which the gastric cells of the stomach loses its ability to secrete acid. In severe cases, the ability to create intrinsic factor is additionally impaired
Avidin
A polypeptide in raw egg whites hat binds biotin (a vitamin B complex), preventing its absorption. Avidin is destroyed by heat
Beriberi
Thiamin-deficiency disease. Symptoms embody muscle weakness, loss of craving, nerve degeneration, and edema in some cases
Biocytin
A biotin-lysine complex released from hydrolyzed protein
Biotinidase
an enzyme catalyst within the small intestine that releases biotin (B complex vitamin) from biocytin
Carboxylation
A reaction that adds a carboxyl group (-COOH) to a substrate, exchanging for a hydrogen atom
Cheilosis
Inflammation and cracking of the lips; an indication of riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency
Decarboxylation
Removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from a molecule. The carboxyl group is then discharged as CO2 (CÓ)
Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE)
A measure of folate intake used to accurately account for the high bioavailability of folic acid taken as a supplement compared with the lower bioavailability of the folic acid found in foods
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are the muse of federal nutrition policy and are developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) as well as Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). These science-based guidelines are meant to cut back the number of American citizens who develop chronic diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and alcoholism
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
A framework of dietary standards that features estimated Average requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Dietary Standards
Set of values for suggested intake of nutrients
Dietary Supplements
products taken orally in pill, capsule, powder, gel cap, or other nonfood types that contain one or additional of the following: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, enzymes, metabolites, or concentrates
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue; an indication of riboflavin deficiency
Glutathione
A tripeptide of glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid that is involved in the protection of cells from oxidative cellular damage
Glutathione Peroxidase
A selenium-containing enzyme that promotes the breakdown of fatty acids that have undergone peroxidation
Hemochromatosis
A metabolic disorder that leads to excess iron deposits throughout the body
Homocysteine
an amino acid precursor of cysteine and a risk factor for cardiopathy
Macrocytes
Abnormally massive red blood cells with short life spans
Megaloblastic Anemia
Excess amounts of megaloblasts within the blood caused by a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Megaloblasts
massive, immature red blood cells created once precursor cells fail to divide ordinarily because of impaired deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Anemia characterized by little, pale red blood cells that lack adequate hemoglobin to hold oxygen; are often caused by a deficiency of iron or vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Myelin Sheath
The protecting coating surrounds nerve fibers
Myelinization
Development of the myelin sheath, a substance that surrounds nerve fibers
Neural Tube Defect (NPD)
A anomaly ensuing from the failure of the ectoderm to develop properly throughout early fetal development
Niacin Equivalents (NE)
A measure that includes performed dietary niacin in addition as nicotinic acid derived from tryptophan; 60 mg of vitamin B
Pernicious Anemia
A type of anemia that results from an autoimmune- disorder that damages cells lining the abdomen and inhibits B-complex vitamin absorption, resulting in vitamin B complex deficiency
R-Protein
A peptide made by the salivary glands that will shield vitamin B12 as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract and into the small bowel
Reducing Agent
A compound that donates electrons or hydrogen atoms to a different compound
Seborrheic Dermatitis
sickness of the oil-producing glands of the skin; an indication of vitamin B2 deficiency
Spina Bifida
a kind of neural tube congenital disorder
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
S coenzyme of which the nutriment thiamin is a part. It plays a key role in decarboxylation reactions and helps drive the reaction that forms acyl CoA from pyruvate in intermediary metabolism
Tryptophan
an amino acid that is a B complex precursor within the body. within the body, sixty milligrams of tryptophane yields around one milligram of nicotinic acid, or one nicotinic acid equivalent (NE)
