Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Calcitonin

Answer 1

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland in responses to elevated blood calcium. It stimulates calcium deposition in bone and calcium excretion by the kidneys, therefore reducing blood calcium concentration

Question 2

Calmodulin

Answer 2

A calcium-binding protein that regulates a range of cellular activities, like cellular division and proliferation

Question 3

Carotenodermia

Answer 3

A harmless yellow-orange cast to the skin because of high levels of carotenoids within the blood resulting from consumption of very large amounts of carotenoid-rich foods, like carrot juice

Question 4

Carotenoids

Answer 4

a group of yellow, orange, and red pigments in plants, together with foods. several of these compounds are precursors of vitamin A

Question 5

Cells

Answer 5

the fundamental structural units of all living tissues, that have 2 major parts: the nucleus and the cytosol

Question 6

Cornea

Answer 6

The clear outer surface of the eye

Question 7

Epithelial Cells

Answer 7

The multimillion number of cells that line and shield the external and internal surfaces of the boy. epithelial cells form epithelial tissues like skin and mucose membranes

Question 8

Epithelial Tissues

Answer 8

Closely packed layers of epithelial cells that cowl the body and line its cavities

Question 9

Glutathione

Answer 9

A tripeptide of glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid that is involved in the protection of cells from oxidative cellular damage

Question 10

Glutathione Peroxidase

Answer 10

A selenium-containing enzyme that promotes the breakdown of fatty acids that have undergone peroxidation

Question 11

Goblet Cells

Answer 11

one of the various varieties of specializing cells that manufacture and secrete mucus. These cells are found within the stomach, intestines, and parts of the respiratory tract

Question 12

Hemolysis

Answer 12

The breakdown of red blood cells that usually happens at the end of a red blood cell’s normal lifetime. This method releases hemoglobin

Question 13

Hyperkeratosis

Answer 13

Excessive accumulation of the protein keratin that produces rough and bumpy skin, most ordinarily affecting the palms and soles, also as flexure areas (elbows, knees, wrists, ankles). It will have an effect on wet epithelial tissues and impair their ability to secrete mucus. additionally known as hyperkeratinization

Question 14

Iodopsin

Answer 14

Color-sensitive pigment molecules in cone cells that comprise opsin-like proteins combined with retinal

Question 15

Lipid Peroxidation

Answer 15

Production of unstable, extremely reactive lipid molecules that contain excess amounts of oxygen

Question 16

Menadione

Answer 16

medicative type of vitamin K that may be a toxicant to infants. additionally referred to as vitamin K3

Question 17

Menaquinones

Answer 17

varieties of naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) that come from -animal sources. additionally created by enteric microbes, they’re conjointly referred to as vitaminK2

Question 18

Night-Eating Syndrome (NES)

Answer 18

a disorder of eating during which a habitual pattern of interrupting sleep to eat is the primary symptom

Question 19

Opsin

Answer 19

A protein that mixes with retinal synthesize rhodopsin in rod cells

Question 20

Orexin

Answer 20

a kind of hormone in the brain which may have an effect on food consumption

Question 21

Osteoblasts

Answer 21

Bone cells that promote human bone deposition and growth

Question 22

Osteoclasts

Answer 22

Bone cells that promote human bone reabsorption and calcium ion mobilization

Question 23

Osteomalacia

Answer 23

A illness in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency; it’s marked by softening of the bones resulting in bending of the spine, bowing of the legs, and enhanced risk for fractures

Question 24

Osteoporosis

Answer 24

A bone sickness characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density as well as the appearance of smallish holes in bones due in part to the loss of minerals

Question 25

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 25

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland glands in response to low blood calcium concentration. It stimulates calcium ion release from bone and calcium absorption by the intestines, whereas decreasing calcium ion excretion by the kidneys. It acts in conjunction with 1.25(OH)2D3 to lift blood calcium ion concentration. additionally known as parathormone-1

Question 26

Phylloquinone

Answer 26

the form of vitamin k (naphthoquinone) that comes from plant sources. additionally referred to as vitamin K1(phylloquinone)

Question 27

Preformed vitamin A

Answer 27

Retinyl esters, the primary storage type of vitamin A. concerning ninety percent % of dietary vitamin A1 is in the form of esters, principally found in foods from animal sources

Question 28

Provitamin A

Answer 28

carotenoid precursors of vitamin A in foods of plant origin, primarily deeply colored fruits and vegetables

Question 29

Provitamins

Answer 29

Inactive types of vitamins that the body will convert into active usable forms. additionally stated as nutriment precursors

Question 30

Retina

Answer 30

A paper-thin tissue that lines the rear of the eye and contains cells referred to as rods and cones

Question 31

Retinal

Answer 31

The aldehyde type of nutriment; one among the retinoids; the active type of vitamin A in the photoreceptors of the retina; interconvertible with vitamin A1

Question 32

Retinoic Acid

Answer 32

The acid form of vitamin A; one among the retinoids; formed from retinal however not interconvertible; helps growth, cells differentiation, and the immune system; doesn’t have a role in vision or sexual reproduction

Question 33

Retinoids

Answer 33

Compounds in foods that have chemical structures almost like vitamin A. Retinoids include the active types of vitamin A (retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid) and the main storage kinds of vitamin A1 (retinyl esters)

Question 34

Retinol

Answer 34

The alcohol type of vitamin A; one amongst the retinoids; thought to be the most physiologically active variety of vitamin A; interconvertible with retinal

Question 35

Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE)

Answer 35

A unit of measuring of the vitamin A content of a food. One RAE equals one mg of vitamin A1

Question 36

Retinol-Binding protein (RBP)

Answer 36

A carrier polypeptide that binds to vitamin A1 and transports it within the blood from the liver to destination cells

Question 37

Retinyl Esters

Answer 37

the primary storage type of vitamin A; one among the retinoids. Retinyl esters are vitamin A1 combined with fatty acids, typically palmitate. additionally referred to as preformed vitamin a, a fat-soluble vitamin

Question 38

Rhodopsin

Answer 38

Found in rod cells, a photosensitive pigment molecule that consists of a peptide known as opsin combined with retinal

Question 39

Rickets

Answer 39

A bone sickness in kids that results from calciferol deficiency

Question 40

Stem Cells

Answer 40

A embryonic cell whose daughter cells can differentiate into different cell types

Question 41

Teratogen

Answer 41

Any substance that causes birth defects

Question 42

Thaumatin

Answer 42

Mixture of sweet-tasting proteins from a West African fruit. about 2,000 times sweeter then saccharose and features a licorice aftersensation. Breaks down once heated to cooking temperatures

Question 43

Tocopherol

Answer 43

The chemical name for vitamin E. There are four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta), however solely alpha-tocopherol is active within the body

Question 44

Tocotrienols

Answer 44

Four compounds (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) with chemicals associated with tocopherols. The tocotrienols and tocopherols are jointly referred to as vitamin E

Question 45

Precursor

Answer 45

A substance that’s converted into another active substance. protein precursors also are known as proenzymes