Chapter 5: Lipids Flashcards
Adipocytes
Fat cells
Adipose Tissue
Body fat tissue
Alpha-Linolenic Acid
a vital omega-3 fatty acid (PUFA) that contains eighteen carbon atoms and three carbon-carbon double bonds (18:3)
Chain Length
the number of carbons that a fatty acid tail contains. Foods contain fatty acids with chain lengths of four to twenty four carbons, and most have an evennumber of carbons
Cholesterol
A waxy lipid (sterol) whose chemical structure contains multiple hydrocarbon rings
Choline
A nitrogen-containing compound that’s a part of phosphatidylcholine, a type of phospholipid. choline is additionally a part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The body synthesizes choline from the essential amino acid methionine
Chylomicron
a large lipoprotein particle synthesized in intestinal cells following the absorption of dietary fats. A chylomicron has a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol enclosed by phospholipids and proteins
Cis fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid in which the hydrogens encompassing a double a are both on the identical side of the carbon chain, causing a bend within the chain. Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis fatty acids
Conjugated linolic acid
A polyunsaturated fatty acid in which the position of the double bonds has moved, so one bond alternates with 2 double bonds
Desaturation
Insertion of double bonds into fatty acids to convert them into new fatty acids
Diglycerides
Molecules composed of glycerol combined with 2 fatty acids
Eicosanoids
a class of hormone-like substances synthesized in the body from long-chain fatty acids
Elongation
Addition of carbon atoms to fatty acids to elongate them into new fatty acids
Essential Fatty Acids
The fatty acids that the body requires but cannot synthesize, and that should be obtained from diet
Ester
A chemical combination of an organic acid (e.g., fatty acids) and an alcohol. once hydrogen from the alcohol combines with the acid’s hydrogen and oxygen, water is discharged and an ester linkage is created. A triglyceride is an ester of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone
Esterification
A condensation reaction within which an organic acid (e.g., fatty acids) combines with an alcohol with the loss of water, making an ester bond
Fat Replacers
Compounds that imitate the functional and sensory properties of fats, however contain less bioavailable energy than fats
Fatty Acids
Compounds containing a protracted hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end and a methyl group (CH3) at the opposing end
Glycerol
an alcohol that contains 3 carbon atoms, each
High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
The blood lipoproteins that contain high levels of protein and low levels of triglycerides. Synthesized primarily within the liver and smallintestine, HDL picks up cholesterol discharged from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other lipoproteins
Hydrogenation
A chemical reaction during which hydrogen atoms are added to carbon-carbon double bonds, changing them to single bonds. hydrogenation of monosaturated and unsaturated fatty acids reduces the amount of double bonds the contain, thereby making them more saturated
Hydrophilic
readily interacting with water (literally, “water-loving”). deliquescent compounds are polar and soluble in water
Hydrophobic
Insoluble in water
Lipoprotein
that transport lipids within the humour and blood. They comprises a central core of triglycerides and sterol encircled by a shell composed of proteins and phospholipids. the various forms of lipoproteins differ in size, composition, and density
Lipoprotein lipase
the main accelerator liable for thee hydrolysis of plasma triglycerides
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
The cholesterol-rich lipoproteins / adipoproteins that result from the bMicelles ~ Small emulsified fat packets which can enter enterocytes. The complexes are composed of surfactant molecules orientated with their hydrophobic half facing inward and their hydrophilic half facing outward toward the encompassing aqueous surroundings
Breakdown and removal of triglycerides from intermediate-density lipoprotein within the blood
Monoglycerides
Molecules composed of glycerol combined with one fatty
Monounsaturated fatty acid
A lipid in which the carbon chain contains one double bond (either cis or trans)
Nonessential Fatty Acids
The fatty acids that your body will build once they are required. it’s not necessary to consume them in the diet
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the third and fourth carbon atoms
Omega-6 fatty acid
Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the sixth and seventh carbon atoms
Omega-9 fatty acid
Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the ninth and tenth carbon atoms
Oxidation
oxygen attaches to the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. Rancid fats are oxidised fats
Phosphate group
A chemical functional group (-PÒ) on a bigger molecule where the phosphate atom is single-bonded to each of the four oxygens, and also the otherbond of 1 of the oxygens is connected to the remainder of the molecule. usually hydrogen atoms are connected to the oxygens. typically there are double bonds between the phosphate and an oxygen atom
Phytosterols
Sterols found in plants. Phytosterols are poorly absorbed by humans and scale back enteric absorption of sterol. they have been used as a sterol-lowering food ingredient
Polyunsaturated fatty acyl
A fatty acid molecule in which the carbon chain contains 2 or more than a few double bonds
Saturated Fatty Acids
A fatty acyl fully filled by protons with all carbons within the chain coupled by single bonds
Squalene
A cholesterin precursor found in whale liver and plants
Sterols
A class of lipids that has cholesterol. Sterols are hydrocarbons with 3 rings in their structures
Subcutaneous Fat
Fat stores beneath the skin
Trans Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids in which the hydrogens encompassing a double bond are on opposite sides of the carbon chain. This straightens the chain, and therefore the fatty acid becomes more solid
Triglycerides
composed of 3 fatty acyl chains joined to a glycerol molecule
Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acyl chain in which the carbon chain contains one or a lot of double bonds
Very low density Lipoproteins (VLDL)
The triglyceride-rich lipoproteins created in the liver. Very Low Density Lipoprotein enters the blood and is gradually acted upon by lipoprotein lipase, releasing triacylglycerides to body cells
Visceral Fat
Fat stores that cushion body organs
