Chapter 5: Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

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2
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Body fat tissue

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3
Q

Alpha-Linolenic Acid

A

a vital omega-3 fatty acid (PUFA) that contains eighteen carbon atoms and three carbon-carbon double bonds (18:3)

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4
Q

Chain Length

A

the number of carbons that a fatty acid tail contains. Foods contain fatty acids with chain lengths of four to twenty four carbons, and most have an evennumber of carbons

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5
Q

Cholesterol

A

A waxy lipid (sterol) whose chemical structure contains multiple hydrocarbon rings

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6
Q

Choline

A

A nitrogen-containing compound that’s a part of phosphatidylcholine, a type of phospholipid. choline is additionally a part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The body synthesizes choline from the essential amino acid methionine

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7
Q

Chylomicron

A

a large lipoprotein particle synthesized in intestinal cells following the absorption of dietary fats. A chylomicron has a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol enclosed by phospholipids and proteins

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8
Q

Cis fatty acid

A

Unsaturated fatty acid in which the hydrogens encompassing a double a are both on the identical side of the carbon chain, causing a bend within the chain. Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis fatty acids

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9
Q

Conjugated linolic acid

A

A polyunsaturated fatty acid in which the position of the double bonds has moved, so one bond alternates with 2 double bonds

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10
Q

Desaturation

A

Insertion of double bonds into fatty acids to convert them into new fatty acids

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11
Q

Diglycerides

A

Molecules composed of glycerol combined with 2 fatty acids

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12
Q

Eicosanoids

A

a class of hormone-like substances synthesized in the body from long-chain fatty acids

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13
Q

Elongation

A

Addition of carbon atoms to fatty acids to elongate them into new fatty acids

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14
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

The fatty acids that the body requires but cannot synthesize, and that should be obtained from diet

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15
Q

Ester

A

A chemical combination of an organic acid (e.g., fatty acids) and an alcohol. once hydrogen from the alcohol combines with the acid’s hydrogen and oxygen, water is discharged and an ester linkage is created. A triglyceride is an ester of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

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16
Q

Esterification

A

A condensation reaction within which an organic acid (e.g., fatty acids) combines with an alcohol with the loss of water, making an ester bond

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17
Q

Fat Replacers

A

Compounds that imitate the functional and sensory properties of fats, however contain less bioavailable energy than fats

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18
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Compounds containing a protracted hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end and a methyl group (CH3) at the opposing end

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19
Q

Glycerol

A

an alcohol that contains 3 carbon atoms, each

20
Q

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

A

The blood lipoproteins that contain high levels of protein and low levels of triglycerides. Synthesized primarily within the liver and smallintestine, HDL picks up cholesterol discharged from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other lipoproteins

21
Q

Hydrogenation

A

A chemical reaction during which hydrogen atoms are added to carbon-carbon double bonds, changing them to single bonds. hydrogenation of monosaturated and unsaturated fatty acids reduces the amount of double bonds the contain, thereby making them more saturated

22
Q

Hydrophilic

A

readily interacting with water (literally, “water-loving”). deliquescent compounds are polar and soluble in water

23
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Insoluble in water

24
Q

Lipoprotein

A

that transport lipids within the humour and blood. They comprises a central core of triglycerides and sterol encircled by a shell composed of proteins and phospholipids. the various forms of lipoproteins differ in size, composition, and density

25
Q

Lipoprotein lipase

A

the main accelerator liable for thee hydrolysis of plasma triglycerides

26
Q

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

A

The cholesterol-rich lipoproteins / adipoproteins that result from the bMicelles ~ Small emulsified fat packets which can enter enterocytes. The complexes are composed of surfactant molecules orientated with their hydrophobic half facing inward and their hydrophilic half facing outward toward the encompassing aqueous surroundings
Breakdown and removal of triglycerides from intermediate-density lipoprotein within the blood

27
Q

Monoglycerides

A

Molecules composed of glycerol combined with one fatty

28
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A

A lipid in which the carbon chain contains one double bond (either cis or trans)

29
Q

Nonessential Fatty Acids

A

The fatty acids that your body will build once they are required. it’s not necessary to consume them in the diet

30
Q

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

A

Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the third and fourth carbon atoms

31
Q

Omega-6 fatty acid

A

Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the sixth and seventh carbon atoms

32
Q

Omega-9 fatty acid

A

Any unsaturated fatty acyl in which the primary double bond starting from the methyl group (CH3) end of the molecule lies between the ninth and tenth carbon atoms

33
Q

Oxidation

A

oxygen attaches to the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. Rancid fats are oxidised fats

34
Q

Phosphate group

A

A chemical functional group (-PÒ) on a bigger molecule where the phosphate atom is single-bonded to each of the four oxygens, and also the otherbond of 1 of the oxygens is connected to the remainder of the molecule. usually hydrogen atoms are connected to the oxygens. typically there are double bonds between the phosphate and an oxygen atom

35
Q

Phytosterols

A

Sterols found in plants. Phytosterols are poorly absorbed by humans and scale back enteric absorption of sterol. they have been used as a sterol-lowering food ingredient

36
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acyl

A

A fatty acid molecule in which the carbon chain contains 2 or more than a few double bonds

37
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

A fatty acyl fully filled by protons with all carbons within the chain coupled by single bonds

38
Q

Squalene

A

A cholesterin precursor found in whale liver and plants

39
Q

Sterols

A

A class of lipids that has cholesterol. Sterols are hydrocarbons with 3 rings in their structures

40
Q

Subcutaneous Fat

A

Fat stores beneath the skin

41
Q

Trans Fatty Acids

A

Unsaturated fatty acids in which the hydrogens encompassing a double bond are on opposite sides of the carbon chain. This straightens the chain, and therefore the fatty acid becomes more solid

42
Q

Triglycerides

A

composed of 3 fatty acyl chains joined to a glycerol molecule

43
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acyl chain in which the carbon chain contains one or a lot of double bonds

44
Q

Very low density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

A

The triglyceride-rich lipoproteins created in the liver. Very Low Density Lipoprotein enters the blood and is gradually acted upon by lipoprotein lipase, releasing triacylglycerides to body cells

45
Q

Visceral Fat

A

Fat stores that cushion body organs