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Anat and Phys - Carter > Chapter 9: Endocrine System and Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Endocrine System and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers; cues for body to do things

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2
Q

what two things stimulate a gland

A

hormonal and humoral

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3
Q

what is hormonal

A

activated by hormones; hormones interacting with hormones

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4
Q

what is humoral

A

changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release

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5
Q

what is the neural stimuli of the endocrine system

A

nerve impulses that stimulate hormone release

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6
Q

what are the neural stimuli controlled by

A

sympathetic nervous systems

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7
Q

what is the pituitary gland controlled by

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

what are the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland

A

posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

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9
Q

what makes up the posterior pituitary

A

nervous tissue

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10
Q

what makes up the anterior pituitary

A

glandular tissue

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11
Q

what are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones

A

2 non-endocrine targets (Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone) and 4 stimulate other glands (tropic hormones) (GH, PRL, ACTH, Godadotropic hormone)

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones

A

proteins, act through the secondary messenger system, reacted by stimuli (through negative feedback loop)

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13
Q

what is growth hormone responsible for

A

bones and muscles (causes amino acids to be built into proteins; fats broken down into energy)

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14
Q

what is the prolactin responsible for

A

mammary glands (milk production following childbirth

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15
Q

what is the follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone responsible for

A

testes or ovaries

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16
Q

what is the thyrotropic hormone responsible for

A

thyroid (influence the growth and activity of the thyroid)

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17
Q

what is the adrenocorticotropic hormone responsible for

A

adrenal cortex (regulates endocrine activity of the adrine cortex)

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18
Q

what are gonadotropic hormones

A

regulates activity of gonads

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19
Q

what is the follicle stimulating hormone

A

stimulates follicle development in the ovaries and stimulates sperm development in the testes

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20
Q

what is the luteinzing hormone

A

triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production in males

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21
Q

what are the 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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22
Q

what is the function of the oxytocin hormone

A

stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and causes milk ejection

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23
Q

what is the function of the antidiuretic hormone

A

urine production; vasoconstruction which leads to increase blood pressure (vasopressin)

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24
Q

what causes vasopressin

A

salts and stress

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25
what are the two hormones that the thyroid gland produces
thyroid hormone and calcitonin
26
what is the thyroid hormone
major metabolic hormone
27
are the 2 iodine hormones produced by the thyroid hormone
Thyroxin and triodothyronine
28
what is thyroxine (T4)
secreted by thyroid follicles
29
what is the triodothyronine hormone (T3) and thyroxine (T4)'s function
controls the rate at which glucose is burned and converted to body heat and chemical energy ; important for normal tissue growth and development
30
what is calcitonin
decreases blood calcium level by depositing it in bones; antagonist to parathyroid hormone
31
what is mineralocorticoids and what particularly does it control
regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance; concentration of sodium and potassium ions and target kidneys that selectively reabsorb the minerals or allow them to be flushed out in the urine
32
what is mineralocorticoids stimulated by
renin and andosterone
33
where is the thyroid gland found
base of the throat
34
what joins the 2 lobes of the thyroid
central mass or isthmus
35
what is calcitonin produced by
C cells (thyroid gland)
36
antagonistic to
parathyroid
37
what 2 things does the adrenal glands contain
cortex and medulla
38
what is the medulla
inner nerval tissue region
39
what is glucocorticoid made of
cortisone and cortisol
40
what do the parathyroid glands secrete
parathyroid hormone
41
what does the parathyroid hormone do
stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone and release it into the blood, stimulate the kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium, raises calcium levels in the blood
42
where is the adrenal gland
on top of the kidneys
43
what is the purpose of glucocorticoids
resist long term stressors
44
what are the 2 types of steroids that are produced by glucocortiocids
anabolic and catabolic
45
what are anabolic steroids
builds/bulks
46
what are catabolic steroids
breaks things down
47
what is an example of an anabolic
steroids
48
what is an example of catabolic
stress
49
what is a natural form of anabolic
testosterone
50
what are the 2 sex hormones
androgen (male) and estrogen (female)
51
where are sex hormones made
adrenal gland
52
what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do
deal with short term stresses
53
where is the pineal gland found
in the brain
54
what is the function of the pineal gland
secrete melatonin
55
what is the pancreas considered
a mixed gland
56
what 2 hormones are produced by the pancrease
insulin and glucagon
57
what are beta cells
allow glucose to cross plasma membrane (insulin)
58
what are alpha cells
allows glucose to enter the blood (glucagon)
59
what are insulin and glucagon
antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis
60
hat is the function of the thymus
produce thymosin
61
what does thymosin do
matures white blood cells and develops the immune system
62
what are the 2 hormones of the ovaries
estrogens and progesterone
63
what are estrogens produced by
graafian follicles of ovaries or the placenta
64
the function of estrogens
matures female reproductive organs
65
what does estrogens prepare the uterus for
to receive a fertilized egg
66
what is the function of the progesterone
acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle and helps in the implementation of an embryo in the uterus

Anat and Phys - Carter (15 decks)

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