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Anat and Phys - Carter > Chapter 7 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

What is the function of sensory input

A

Gathering information, monitoring changes occurring outside and inside the body

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3
Q

What is the function of integration

A

To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed

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4
Q

What is the function of motor output

A

A response to integrated stimuli, the response activates muscles or glands

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5
Q

What are the two major parts of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the central nervous system act as

A

Acts as integrating and command center, interprets incoming sensory information and issue instruction based on past experiences and current conditions

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7
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What are the functional classifications of the peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent) divisions and Motor (efferent) division

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9
Q

What is the Sensory (afferent) division

A

Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

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10
Q

What is the motor (efferent) division

A

Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system

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11
Q

What are the two divisions of motor (efferent) division

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary nervous system - skeletal muscle reflexes such as stretch reflex are initiated involuntarily by same fibers

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13
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary system - sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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14
Q

What is another name for the nervous tissue support cells

A

astrocyte

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15
Q

What is the function of aastrocytes

A

form barrier between capillaries and neurons and make exchanges between the tow - control the chemical environment of the brain by capturing ions and neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What is the function of microglia cells

A

Dispose of debris - dead cells and bacteria

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17
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells

A

Circulate cerebrospinal fluid with cilia

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18
Q

What is the function of oligonuclecytes cells

A

Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

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19
Q

What is the function of satellite cells

A

Protect neuron cell bodies

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20
Q

What is the function of schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

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21
Q

What is unique about the neuroglia cells

A

Are not able to transmit nerve impulses but do not lose their ability to divide, unlike neurons

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22
Q

What is another name for a neuron

A

Nerve cells

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23
Q

What is the major function of a neuron

A

Cells specialized to transmit messages

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24
Q

What are the two major regions of neurons

A

Cell body and processes

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25
Q

What is the cell body region of a neuron

A

Nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

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26
Q

What is the processes region of a neuron

A

Fibers that extend from the cell body

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27
Q

What is the function of nissl substances in the neuron cell body

A

Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

What is the function of neurofibrils in the neuron cell body

A

Intermediate cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape

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29
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in the neuron cell body

A
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30
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus in the neuron cell body

A

Essential for the growth of developing neurons

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31
Q

What is the function of dendrites

A

Conduct impulses toward the cell body

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32
Q

What is the function of axons

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body

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33
Q

What are some characteristics of axons

A

End in axonal terminals, axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters, axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by gap

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34
Q

What is nerve cell covering - schwann cells

A

Produce myelin sheaths in jelly-roll like fashion

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35
Q

What is the nerve cell covering - nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

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36
Q

What is another name for a bundle of nerve fibers in the central nervous system

A

Tracts

37
Q

What is another name for a bundle of nerves in the PNS

A

Nerves

38
Q

What is gray matter in nerve tracts

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

39
Q

What is white matter in nerve tracts

A

Myelinated fibers

40
Q

What is nerve ganglia

A

Collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

41
Q

What is the function of Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to CNS

42
Q

What is the function of motor (efferent) neurons

A

Carry impulses from the central nervous system

43
Q

What is the function of interneurons (association neurons)

A

connect sensory and motor neurons

44
Q

What is the function of proprioceptros

A

Detect stretch or tension in muscles, tendons, joints

45
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron

A

Many extensions from the cell body

46
Q

Describe a bipolar neuron

A

One axon and one dendrite

47
Q

Describe a unipolar neuron

A

have a short, single process leaving the cell body

48
Q

What are the two main properties of neurons

A

Irritability and conductivity

49
Q

What is irritability

A

Ability to respond to a stimuli

50
Q

What is conductivity

A

Ability to transmit an impulse

51
Q

The plasma membrane at rest is ___________________________

A

Polarized

52
Q

What are the three initiations of a nerve impulse

A

Depolarization (stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane), A depolarized membrane allows sodium to flow inside, exchange of ions initiates the action potential

53
Q

Once the action potential (nerve impulses) starts it’s an ______________________ response

A

All or none

54
Q

What are the four characteristics of a nerve’s action potential

A

If action potential starts it is propogated over the entire axon, potassium ions rush out of the cell (repolarizing it), sodium potassium pump restores original configuration, neuron cannot conduct another impulse until repolarization occurs.

55
Q

What are the three characteristics of a nerve impulse propagation

A

the impulse continues to move toward the cell body, impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath, nerve impulse literally jumps from node to node because it cannot cross the myelin insulation

56
Q

Explain the continuation of the nerve impulses between neurons

A

Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal, the dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter, an action potential is started in the dendrites of the next neuron

57
Q

What is reflex

A

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

58
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

direct route from a sensory neuron to an interneuron to an effector

59
Q

What are the three types of nerves in the reflex arc

A

Autonomic , somatic, simple

60
Q

What are the 5 types of autonomic reflexes

A

smooth muscle regulation, size of eye pupils, heart and blood pressure regulation, regulation of glands and sweating, digestive system and elimination of regulation

61
Q

List one type of somatic reflex

A

Activation of skeletal muscles

62
Q

List the four elements of a reflex arc

A

A sensory receptor, an effective receptor, afferent and efferent neurons connecting the two, the CNS integration center

63
Q

Where does the CNS develop from

A

Embryonic neural tube (a simple tube)

64
Q

What are the four main regions of the brain

A

Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

65
Q

List the four characteristics of the cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres)

A

Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain, include more than half of the brain mass, the surface is made of elevated ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci)

66
Q

What is the function of the brain fissures

A

Divide the cerebrum into lobes

67
Q

What are the four major lobes

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

68
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe

A

Voluntary movement, expressive language, and for managing higher level executive functions

69
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe

A

vital for sensory perception and integration, management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell

70
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe

A

visual perception; color, form, and motion

71
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe

A

processing auditory information and with encoding memory

72
Q

How are the lobes named

A

named for the cranial bone over them

73
Q

What is the function of broca’s area

A

involved in our ability to speak

74
Q

List four areas in the cerebrum that are involved in special sense

A

Gustatory area (taste), visual, auditory, olfactory

75
Q

List three functions of the interpretation areas of the cerebrum

A

Speech/language, language comprehension, general interpretation

76
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebrum

A

Grey matter, white matter, basal nuclei

77
Q

What are the characteristics of gray matter

A

outermost layer, composed mostly of neuron cell bodies, cerebral cortex

78
Q

What are the characteristics of white matter

A

fiber tracts inside the gray matter; Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres

79
Q

What are the characteristics of basal nuclei

A

internal islands of gray matter, helps regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to the skeletal muscles

80
Q

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon (interbrain)

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

81
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A

transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

82
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Helps regulate body temperature, controls water balance, regulates metabolism

83
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus

A

houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)

84
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

85
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain

A

vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation

86
Q

What are the functions of the pons

A

involved in the control of breathing

87
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

contains important control centers; heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swalling, vomiting

88
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division

A

sympathetic - mobilizes the body
parasympathetic division - allows the body to unwind

Anat and Phys - Carter (15 decks)

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