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Anat and Phys - Carter > Chapter 7 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

What is the function of sensory input

A

Gathering information, monitoring changes occurring outside and inside the body

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3
Q

What is the function of integration

A

To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed

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4
Q

What is the function of motor output

A

A response to integrated stimuli, the response activates muscles or glands

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5
Q

What are the two major parts of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the central nervous system act as

A

Acts as integrating and command center, interprets incoming sensory information and issue instruction based on past experiences and current conditions

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7
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What are the functional classifications of the peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent) divisions and Motor (efferent) division

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9
Q

What is the Sensory (afferent) division

A

Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

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10
Q

What is the motor (efferent) division

A

Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system

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11
Q

What are the two divisions of motor (efferent) division

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary nervous system - skeletal muscle reflexes such as stretch reflex are initiated involuntarily by same fibers

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13
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary system - sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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14
Q

What is another name for the nervous tissue support cells

A

astrocyte

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15
Q

What is the function of aastrocytes

A

form barrier between capillaries and neurons and make exchanges between the tow - control the chemical environment of the brain by capturing ions and neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What is the function of microglia cells

A

Dispose of debris - dead cells and bacteria

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17
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells

A

Circulate cerebrospinal fluid with cilia

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18
Q

What is the function of oligonuclecytes cells

A

Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

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19
Q

What is the function of satellite cells

A

Protect neuron cell bodies

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20
Q

What is the function of schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

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21
Q

What is unique about the neuroglia cells

A

Are not able to transmit nerve impulses but do not lose their ability to divide, unlike neurons

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22
Q

What is another name for a neuron

A

Nerve cells

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23
Q

What is the major function of a neuron

A

Cells specialized to transmit messages

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24
Q

What are the two major regions of neurons

A

Cell body and processes

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25
What is the cell body region of a neuron
Nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
26
What is the processes region of a neuron
Fibers that extend from the cell body
27
What is the function of nissl substances in the neuron cell body
Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum
28
What is the function of neurofibrils in the neuron cell body
Intermediate cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape
29
What is the function of the nucleus in the neuron cell body
30
What is the function of the nucleolus in the neuron cell body
Essential for the growth of developing neurons
31
What is the function of dendrites
Conduct impulses toward the cell body
32
What is the function of axons
Conduct impulses away from the cell body
33
What are some characteristics of axons
End in axonal terminals, axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters, axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by gap
34
What is nerve cell covering - schwann cells
Produce myelin sheaths in jelly-roll like fashion
35
What is the nerve cell covering - nodes of ranvier
Gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
36
What is another name for a bundle of nerve fibers in the central nervous system
Tracts
37
What is another name for a bundle of nerves in the PNS
Nerves
38
What is gray matter in nerve tracts
Cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
39
What is white matter in nerve tracts
Myelinated fibers
40
What is nerve ganglia
Collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system
41
What is the function of Sensory (afferent) neurons
Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to CNS
42
What is the function of motor (efferent) neurons
Carry impulses from the central nervous system
43
What is the function of interneurons (association neurons)
connect sensory and motor neurons
44
What is the function of proprioceptros
Detect stretch or tension in muscles, tendons, joints
45
Describe a multipolar neuron
Many extensions from the cell body
46
Describe a bipolar neuron
One axon and one dendrite
47
Describe a unipolar neuron
have a short, single process leaving the cell body
48
What are the two main properties of neurons
Irritability and conductivity
49
What is irritability
Ability to respond to a stimuli
50
What is conductivity
Ability to transmit an impulse
51
The plasma membrane at rest is ___________________________
Polarized
52
What are the three initiations of a nerve impulse
Depolarization (stimulus depolarizes the neuron's membrane), A depolarized membrane allows sodium to flow inside, exchange of ions initiates the action potential
53
Once the action potential (nerve impulses) starts it's an ______________________ response
All or none
54
What are the four characteristics of a nerve's action potential
If action potential starts it is propogated over the entire axon, potassium ions rush out of the cell (repolarizing it), sodium potassium pump restores original configuration, neuron cannot conduct another impulse until repolarization occurs.
55
What are the three characteristics of a nerve impulse propagation
the impulse continues to move toward the cell body, impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath, nerve impulse literally jumps from node to node because it cannot cross the myelin insulation
56
Explain the continuation of the nerve impulses between neurons
Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve's axon terminal, the dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter, an action potential is started in the dendrites of the next neuron
57
What is reflex
Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
58
What is the reflex arc
direct route from a sensory neuron to an interneuron to an effector
59
What are the three types of nerves in the reflex arc
Autonomic , somatic, simple
60
What are the 5 types of autonomic reflexes
smooth muscle regulation, size of eye pupils, heart and blood pressure regulation, regulation of glands and sweating, digestive system and elimination of regulation
61
List one type of somatic reflex
Activation of skeletal muscles
62
List the four elements of a reflex arc
A sensory receptor, an effective receptor, afferent and efferent neurons connecting the two, the CNS integration center
63
Where does the CNS develop from
Embryonic neural tube (a simple tube)
64
What are the four main regions of the brain
Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
65
List the four characteristics of the cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres)
Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain, include more than half of the brain mass, the surface is made of elevated ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci)
66
What is the function of the brain fissures
Divide the cerebrum into lobes
67
What are the four major lobes
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
68
What is the function of the frontal lobe
Voluntary movement, expressive language, and for managing higher level executive functions
69
What is the function of the parietal lobe
vital for sensory perception and integration, management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell
70
What is the function of the occipital lobe
visual perception; color, form, and motion
71
What is the function of the temporal lobe
processing auditory information and with encoding memory
72
How are the lobes named
named for the cranial bone over them
73
What is the function of broca's area
involved in our ability to speak
74
List four areas in the cerebrum that are involved in special sense
Gustatory area (taste), visual, auditory, olfactory
75
List three functions of the interpretation areas of the cerebrum
Speech/language, language comprehension, general interpretation
76
What are the 3 layers of the cerebrum
Grey matter, white matter, basal nuclei
77
What are the characteristics of gray matter
outermost layer, composed mostly of neuron cell bodies, cerebral cortex
78
What are the characteristics of white matter
fiber tracts inside the gray matter; Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres
79
What are the characteristics of basal nuclei
internal islands of gray matter, helps regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to the skeletal muscles
80
What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon (interbrain)
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
81
What is the function of the thalamus
transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
82
What is the function of the hypothalamus
Helps regulate body temperature, controls water balance, regulates metabolism
83
What is the function of the epithalamus
houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
84
What are the 3 parts of the brain stem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
85
What are the functions of the midbrain
vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation
86
What are the functions of the pons
involved in the control of breathing
87
What is the function of the medulla oblongata
contains important control centers; heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swalling, vomiting
88
What is the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division
sympathetic - mobilizes the body parasympathetic division - allows the body to unwind

Anat and Phys - Carter (15 decks)

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