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Anat and Phys - Carter > Chapter 12: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two semi-independent parts

A

lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs

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2
Q

what are the main functions of the lymphatic system

A

transport fluids back to the blood; play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease

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3
Q

lymph

A

excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

lymph capillaries

A

fluid leaks into lymph capillaries, anchored by connective tissue by filaments, higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves

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5
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A

collects lymph from lymph capillaries, carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes, returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart

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6
Q

what are the two circulary veins near the heart

A

right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

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7
Q

what are the materials returned to the blood through the lymph

A

water, blood cells, protein

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8
Q

what are the harmful materials that enter the lymph vesssels

A

bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, cell debris

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9
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes

A

filter lymph before it is returned to the blood

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10
Q

what are the 2 defense cells in the lymph nodes

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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11
Q

magrophages

A

engulf and destroy foreign substances

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12
Q

lymphocytes

A

provide immune response to antigens

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13
Q

what is the outer portion of the lymph node

A

the cortex

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14
Q

what is in the cortex

A

follicles - collections of lymphocytes

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15
Q

what is the inner portion of the lymph node

A

medulla

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16
Q

what is in the medulla

A

contains phagocytic macrophages

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17
Q

Why are there fewer efferent than afferent vessles

A

causes flow to be slowed

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18
Q

what other organs contribute to lymphatic function

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer’s patches

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19
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

filters blood, destroys worn out blood cells, forms blood cells in the fetus, acts as a blood reservoir

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20
Q

what is the function of the thymus

A

functions at peak levels only during childhood; produces hormones (thymosin) to program lymphocytes

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21
Q

what is the function of tonsils

A

trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials

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22
Q

what is tonsillitis caused by

A

congestion with bacteria

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23
Q

what is the function of peyer’s patches

A

capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

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24
Q

what is included in the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

A

peyer’s patches, tonsils, other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue

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25
Q

what is the function of MALT

A

acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

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26
Q

what are the 2 types of defense systems

A

nonspecific and specific

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27
Q

what is nonspecific defense system

A

mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders; RESPONDS IMMEDIATELY to protect body from foreign materials

28
Q

what is the specific defense system

A

specific defense is required for each type of invader, known as the immune system

29
Q

what are some of the nonspecific body defenses

A

body surface coverings (skin mucous membranes), specialized human cells, chemicals produced by the body

30
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

the skin, stomach mucosa, saliva and lacrimal fluid

31
Q

what about the skin makes it defensive

A

physical barrier, sebum is toxic to bacteria, vaginal secretions are very acidic

32
Q

what makes stomach mucosa defensive

A

secretes hydrochloric acid; has protein digesting enzymes

33
Q

what about saliva and lacrimal fluid are defensive

A

contains lysozyme

34
Q

what makes mucus defensive

A

traps microorganisms in digestive and respiratory pathways

35
Q

what are the defense cells

A

phagocytes and natural killer cells

36
Q

what are phagocytes

A

engulfs foreing material into a vacuol, enzymes from lysosomes digest material

37
Q

what are the natural killer cells

A

can lyse and kill cancer cells, can destroy virus-infected cells

38
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs produced by an inflammatory response (second line of defense)

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain

39
Q

what are the 3 functions of the inflammatory response

A

prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, sets the stage for repair

40
Q

what are the antimicrobial chemicals? how do they work by compliment fixation

A

complement - group of at least 20 plasma proteins; activated when they encounter and attach to cells

41
Q

what is opsonization? how does it work in cell defense

A
42
Q

what is interferon

A

bind to healthy surfaces to inhibit virus binding

43
Q

why is having a slight to moderate fever important in fighting infections

A

inhibits release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria

44
Q

give an example of a third line defense

A

antigen specific

45
Q

explain the difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity

A

humoral - antibody-mediated immunity; cells produce chemicals for defense
cellular - cell-mediated immunity, cells target virus infected cells

46
Q

what is antigen

A

any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response

47
Q

what are the 6 common antigens

A

foreign proteins, nucleic acids, large carbohydrates, some lipids, pollen grains, microorganisms

48
Q

what is the purpose of having self antigens

A

our immune cells do not attack our own proteins, our cells in another person’s body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign

49
Q

how do self antigen’s restrict organ transplant

A

our cells in another person’s body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign

50
Q

why are haptens important to the body’s immune system

A

body will respond to it but instead of protect it it harms it because it attacks our own cells

51
Q

where do lymphocytes originate from

A

hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

52
Q

what is the difference between b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

A

b-lymphocytes - become immunocompetent in the bone marrow
t-lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus

53
Q

why are macrophages important to the immune system

A

engulf foreign invaders

54
Q

explain the activation of immature lymphocytes

A

either go to the thymus or the bone marrow and then travels to lymphnodes and other lymphoid tissues

55
Q

explain the humoral immune response in the body

A

b lymphocytes with specific receptos bind to a specific antigen , binding activates the lymphocyte to undergo clonal section, clones are produced

56
Q

what are the functions of b cells in the body

A

produce antibodies to destory antigens

57
Q

why do memory cells provide a greater secondary response to antigens

A

because the second exposure causes a rapid response that is stronger and longer lasting

58
Q

explain the difference between a naturally acquired immunity vs. an artificial acquired immunity

A

naturally - infection causes the body to build up antibodies and pass them along to infants (contact with pathogen)
artificially - vaccine (dead or attenuated pathogens)

59
Q

what is passive immunity

A

antibodies are obtained from someone else

60
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies prepared for clinical testing or diagnostic services

61
Q

immunoglobulins

A

soluble proteins secreted by B cells, carried in blood plasma, and capable of binding specifically to an antigen

62
Q

igm

A

can fix complement

63
Q

iga

A

found mainly in mucus

64
Q

igd

A

important in activation of B cell

65
Q

idg

A

can cross the placental barrier

66
Q

ige

A

involved in allergies

Anat and Phys - Carter (15 decks)

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