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Anat and Phys - Carter > Chapter 12: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two semi-independent parts

A

lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs

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2
Q

what are the main functions of the lymphatic system

A

transport fluids back to the blood; play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease

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3
Q

lymph

A

excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

lymph capillaries

A

fluid leaks into lymph capillaries, anchored by connective tissue by filaments, higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves

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5
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A

collects lymph from lymph capillaries, carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes, returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart

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6
Q

what are the two circulary veins near the heart

A

right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

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7
Q

what are the materials returned to the blood through the lymph

A

water, blood cells, protein

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8
Q

what are the harmful materials that enter the lymph vesssels

A

bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, cell debris

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9
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes

A

filter lymph before it is returned to the blood

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10
Q

what are the 2 defense cells in the lymph nodes

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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11
Q

magrophages

A

engulf and destroy foreign substances

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12
Q

lymphocytes

A

provide immune response to antigens

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13
Q

what is the outer portion of the lymph node

A

the cortex

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14
Q

what is in the cortex

A

follicles - collections of lymphocytes

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15
Q

what is the inner portion of the lymph node

A

medulla

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16
Q

what is in the medulla

A

contains phagocytic macrophages

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17
Q

Why are there fewer efferent than afferent vessles

A

causes flow to be slowed

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18
Q

what other organs contribute to lymphatic function

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer’s patches

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19
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

filters blood, destroys worn out blood cells, forms blood cells in the fetus, acts as a blood reservoir

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20
Q

what is the function of the thymus

A

functions at peak levels only during childhood; produces hormones (thymosin) to program lymphocytes

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21
Q

what is the function of tonsils

A

trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials

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22
Q

what is tonsillitis caused by

A

congestion with bacteria

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23
Q

what is the function of peyer’s patches

A

capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

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24
Q

what is included in the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

A

peyer’s patches, tonsils, other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue

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25
what is the function of MALT
acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
26
what are the 2 types of defense systems
nonspecific and specific
27
what is nonspecific defense system
mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders; RESPONDS IMMEDIATELY to protect body from foreign materials
28
what is the specific defense system
specific defense is required for each type of invader, known as the immune system
29
what are some of the nonspecific body defenses
body surface coverings (skin mucous membranes), specialized human cells, chemicals produced by the body
30
what is the first line of defense
the skin, stomach mucosa, saliva and lacrimal fluid
31
what about the skin makes it defensive
physical barrier, sebum is toxic to bacteria, vaginal secretions are very acidic
32
what makes stomach mucosa defensive
secretes hydrochloric acid; has protein digesting enzymes
33
what about saliva and lacrimal fluid are defensive
contains lysozyme
34
what makes mucus defensive
traps microorganisms in digestive and respiratory pathways
35
what are the defense cells
phagocytes and natural killer cells
36
what are phagocytes
engulfs foreing material into a vacuol, enzymes from lysosomes digest material
37
what are the natural killer cells
can lyse and kill cancer cells, can destroy virus-infected cells
38
what are the 4 cardinal signs produced by an inflammatory response (second line of defense)
redness, heat, swelling, pain
39
what are the 3 functions of the inflammatory response
prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, sets the stage for repair
40
what are the antimicrobial chemicals? how do they work by compliment fixation
complement - group of at least 20 plasma proteins; activated when they encounter and attach to cells
41
what is opsonization? how does it work in cell defense
42
what is interferon
bind to healthy surfaces to inhibit virus binding
43
why is having a slight to moderate fever important in fighting infections
inhibits release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria
44
give an example of a third line defense
antigen specific
45
explain the difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity
humoral - antibody-mediated immunity; cells produce chemicals for defense cellular - cell-mediated immunity, cells target virus infected cells
46
what is antigen
any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response
47
what are the 6 common antigens
foreign proteins, nucleic acids, large carbohydrates, some lipids, pollen grains, microorganisms
48
what is the purpose of having self antigens
our immune cells do not attack our own proteins, our cells in another person's body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign
49
how do self antigen's restrict organ transplant
our cells in another person's body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign
50
why are haptens important to the body's immune system
body will respond to it but instead of protect it it harms it because it attacks our own cells
51
where do lymphocytes originate from
hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
52
what is the difference between b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
b-lymphocytes - become immunocompetent in the bone marrow t-lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus
53
why are macrophages important to the immune system
engulf foreign invaders
54
explain the activation of immature lymphocytes
either go to the thymus or the bone marrow and then travels to lymphnodes and other lymphoid tissues
55
explain the humoral immune response in the body
b lymphocytes with specific receptos bind to a specific antigen , binding activates the lymphocyte to undergo clonal section, clones are produced
56
what are the functions of b cells in the body
produce antibodies to destory antigens
57
why do memory cells provide a greater secondary response to antigens
because the second exposure causes a rapid response that is stronger and longer lasting
58
explain the difference between a naturally acquired immunity vs. an artificial acquired immunity
naturally - infection causes the body to build up antibodies and pass them along to infants (contact with pathogen) artificially - vaccine (dead or attenuated pathogens)
59
what is passive immunity
antibodies are obtained from someone else
60
what are monoclonal antibodies
antibodies prepared for clinical testing or diagnostic services
61
immunoglobulins
soluble proteins secreted by B cells, carried in blood plasma, and capable of binding specifically to an antigen
62
igm
can fix complement
63
iga
found mainly in mucus
64
igd
important in activation of B cell
65
idg
can cross the placental barrier
66
ige
involved in allergies

Anat and Phys - Carter (15 decks)

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