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Anat and Phys - Carter > Chapter 5: Skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the skeleton

A

Axial and Appendicular

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2
Q

What is the axial bone viewpont

A

Bones that for the longitudinal axis of the body

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3
Q

What is the Appendicular viewpoint

A

Bones of the limbs and girdles

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4
Q

List the 5 functions of the skeletal system

A

Support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

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5
Q

Describe the function: Support

A

Framework that supports and anchors soft organs

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6
Q

Describe the function: Protection

A

Protect the soft organs

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7
Q

Describe the function: Movement

A

Place for skeletal muscles to attach and use bones as levers to move the body

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8
Q

Describe the function: Storage

A

Fat is stored in internal cavities, also stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

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9
Q

Describe the function: Blood cell formation

A

(Hematopoiesis) Occurs withing the marrow of certain bones

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10
Q

Name the 4 types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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11
Q

What type of bone makes up a long bone

A

Compact bone

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12
Q

What is a characteristic of a long bone

A

Longer than it is wide, heads at both ends with a shaft

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13
Q

Where can long bones be found

A

All bones of limbs except wrist and ankle bones

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14
Q

What type of bone makes up short bone

A

Spongy Bone

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15
Q

Describe the shape of a short bone

A

Cube-shaped

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16
Q

Where can short bones be found

A

bones of the wrists and ankles, sesamoid bones, patella

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17
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a flat bone

A

Thin, flattened, usually curved

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18
Q

What is the makeup a flat bone

A

2 thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone

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19
Q

What bones are flat bones

A

Skull, ribs, sternum

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20
Q

What are irregular bones

A

Those bones that cant fit into any other category

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21
Q

Where can irregular bones be found

A

Vertebrae, hip bones

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22
Q

What are the 8 major anatomical areas of a long bone

A

Diaphysis, periosteum, epiphyses, articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate, yellow marrow, red marrow

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23
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

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24
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue membrane covering diaphysis

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25
Where are sharpey's fibers found and what are they
Hundreds of connective tissue fibers secure the periosteum to the underlying bone
26
What is the epiphyses
Ends of the long bones and made of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone
27
What is the Articular cartilage
Covers the end of the long bones
28
What does the glassy hyaline cartilage do
Provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases the friction at joint surfaces
29
What is the ephiphyseal line
Remnant of plate that covers epiphysis in adults
30
What is the epiphyseal plate and what does it cause
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bones and it causes lengthwise growth
31
What is the yellow marrow (medullary cavity)
Cavity of the shaft that is primarily a storage area for adipose tissue (infants form blood cells)
32
What is the red marrow
Confined to cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones (makes blood cells)
33
What are calcium salts
Deposited in the matrix and give bones their hardness
34
The skeleton of an early fetus is primarliy ________________
Hyaline cartilage
35
Most bones develop using the hyaline cartilage structures as models in the process of ________________
Ossification
36
What is the first part of ossification
Hyaline cartilage model completely covered with bone matrix by bone forming cells
37
What are bone forming cells called
Osteoblasts
38
What is the second part of ossification
Enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone - articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
39
What is an osteoclast
Type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue
40
Bone growth is caused by ________
Growth hormone
41
Bones are constantly remodeled in response to what 2 factors
Calcium levels in blood, pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
42
What do calcium levels in blood do to bones
When calcium levels drop in the blood, parathyroid releases PTH into the blood - activates osteoclasts to destroy bone matrix and add caldium ions
43
What does the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton do to bones
Bones of the bedridden or physically inactive people tend to lose mass and to atrophy - no longer subjected to stress
44
What does PTH tell the bone
Tells the bone when to be broken down or formed in response to calcium levels
45
What does stress of muscles pull and gravity tell the bone
Where bone matrix is broken down or formed
46
Describe the break/fracture: Close (simple)
Bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin
47
Describe the break/fracture: Open (compound)
Broken bone ends penetrate through the skin
48
Describe the break/fracture: Comminuted
Bone breaks into many fragments
49
Describe the break/fracture: Compression
Bone is crushed
50
Describe the break/fracture: Depression
Broken bone portion is pressed inward
51
Describe the break/fracture: Impact
Broken bone ends are forced into each other
52
Describe the break/fracture: Spiral
Ragged breaks occur when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
53
Describe the break/fracture: Greenstick
Bones break incompletely (half way)
54
What is the first step of how a bone fracture is repaired
Hematoma is formed - Blood filled swelling that deprives the bone cells of nutrients and causes them to die
55
What is the second step of how a bone fracture is repaired
Break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus - contains cartilage matrix, bony matrix, and collagen fibers to close the gap
56
What is the third step of how a bone fracture is repaired
Bony callus is formed - osteoblasts and clasts migrate to area, fibrocartilage is gradully replaced by a callus of spongy bone
57
What is the fourth step of how a bone fracture is repaired
bony callus is remodeled in response to mechanical stress placed on it
58
Describe how the skull of a newborn infant differs from that of an adult
Infants face is small compared to the size of its cranium, skull is large compared to total body length, skull of newborn still has some areas of hyaline cartilage not converted to bone and these fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones (Fontanels)
59
What are the parts of a typical vertebra
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
60
Describe the thoracic vertebrae
Larger than the cervical vertebrae, body is somewhat heart-shaped, has two costal demifacets on each side
61
Describe the lumbar vertebrae
Have massive, block-like bodies with short, hatchet-shaped spinous process, sturdiest vertebrae
62
Describe the sacrum
Formed by fusion of five vertebrae
63
Describe the coccyx
Formed from the fusion of 3-5 tiny, irregular shaped vertebrae
64
Describe the cervical vertebrae
Smallest, lightest and most often their spinosum processes are short and divided into two branches
65
What are the two parts of the cervical
Atlas and Axis
66
What are the abnormal spine curvatures
Scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis
67
Describe scoliosis
Spine curves to left or right
68
Describe kyphosis
Spine curves outward at shoulders
69
Describe lordosis
Spine curves inward in lumbar region
70
Name the three categories of joints
Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, synovial joints
71
What four things do all joints have in common
Articular cartilage, fibrous articular capsule, joint cavity, reinforcing ligaments
72
Types of joints based on shapes
Plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball-and-socket
73
What are the functional classification of joints
Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
74
What is synarthroses joints
Immovable joints
75
What are amphiarthroses joints
Slightly moveable joints
76
What are the diarthroses
Freely moveable joints
77
Describe fibrous joints
Where bones are unified by fibrous tissue - ALLOW NO MOVEMENT
78
Describe cartilaginous joints
Where bone ends are connected by cartilage - SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE
79
Describe synovial joints
Where articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid - FREELY MOVEABLE

Anat and Phys - Carter (15 decks)

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