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Anat and Phys - Carter > Chapter 5: Skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the skeleton

A

Axial and Appendicular

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2
Q

What is the axial bone viewpont

A

Bones that for the longitudinal axis of the body

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3
Q

What is the Appendicular viewpoint

A

Bones of the limbs and girdles

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4
Q

List the 5 functions of the skeletal system

A

Support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

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5
Q

Describe the function: Support

A

Framework that supports and anchors soft organs

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6
Q

Describe the function: Protection

A

Protect the soft organs

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7
Q

Describe the function: Movement

A

Place for skeletal muscles to attach and use bones as levers to move the body

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8
Q

Describe the function: Storage

A

Fat is stored in internal cavities, also stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

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9
Q

Describe the function: Blood cell formation

A

(Hematopoiesis) Occurs withing the marrow of certain bones

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10
Q

Name the 4 types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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11
Q

What type of bone makes up a long bone

A

Compact bone

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12
Q

What is a characteristic of a long bone

A

Longer than it is wide, heads at both ends with a shaft

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13
Q

Where can long bones be found

A

All bones of limbs except wrist and ankle bones

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14
Q

What type of bone makes up short bone

A

Spongy Bone

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15
Q

Describe the shape of a short bone

A

Cube-shaped

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16
Q

Where can short bones be found

A

bones of the wrists and ankles, sesamoid bones, patella

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17
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a flat bone

A

Thin, flattened, usually curved

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18
Q

What is the makeup a flat bone

A

2 thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone

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19
Q

What bones are flat bones

A

Skull, ribs, sternum

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20
Q

What are irregular bones

A

Those bones that cant fit into any other category

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21
Q

Where can irregular bones be found

A

Vertebrae, hip bones

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22
Q

What are the 8 major anatomical areas of a long bone

A

Diaphysis, periosteum, epiphyses, articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate, yellow marrow, red marrow

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23
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

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24
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue membrane covering diaphysis

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25
Q

Where are sharpey’s fibers found and what are they

A

Hundreds of connective tissue fibers secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

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26
Q

What is the epiphyses

A

Ends of the long bones and made of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone

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27
Q

What is the Articular cartilage

A

Covers the end of the long bones

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28
Q

What does the glassy hyaline cartilage do

A

Provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases the friction at joint surfaces

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29
Q

What is the ephiphyseal line

A

Remnant of plate that covers epiphysis in adults

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30
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate and what does it cause

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bones and it causes lengthwise growth

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31
Q

What is the yellow marrow (medullary cavity)

A

Cavity of the shaft that is primarily a storage area for adipose tissue (infants form blood cells)

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32
Q

What is the red marrow

A

Confined to cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones (makes blood cells)

33
Q

What are calcium salts

A

Deposited in the matrix and give bones their hardness

34
Q

The skeleton of an early fetus is primarliy ________________

A

Hyaline cartilage

35
Q

Most bones develop using the hyaline cartilage structures as models in the process of ________________

A

Ossification

36
Q

What is the first part of ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage model completely covered with bone matrix by bone forming cells

37
Q

What are bone forming cells called

A

Osteoblasts

38
Q

What is the second part of ossification

A

Enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone - articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

39
Q

What is an osteoclast

A

Type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue

40
Q

Bone growth is caused by ________

A

Growth hormone

41
Q

Bones are constantly remodeled in response to what 2 factors

A

Calcium levels in blood, pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

42
Q

What do calcium levels in blood do to bones

A

When calcium levels drop in the blood, parathyroid releases PTH into the blood - activates osteoclasts to destroy bone matrix and add caldium ions

43
Q

What does the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton do to bones

A

Bones of the bedridden or physically inactive people tend to lose mass and to atrophy - no longer subjected to stress

44
Q

What does PTH tell the bone

A

Tells the bone when to be broken down or formed in response to calcium levels

45
Q

What does stress of muscles pull and gravity tell the bone

A

Where bone matrix is broken down or formed

46
Q

Describe the break/fracture: Close (simple)

A

Bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin

47
Q

Describe the break/fracture: Open (compound)

A

Broken bone ends penetrate through the skin

48
Q

Describe the break/fracture: Comminuted

A

Bone breaks into many fragments

49
Q

Describe the break/fracture: Compression

A

Bone is crushed

50
Q

Describe the break/fracture: Depression

A

Broken bone portion is pressed inward

51
Q

Describe the break/fracture: Impact

A

Broken bone ends are forced into each other

52
Q

Describe the break/fracture: Spiral

A

Ragged breaks occur when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

53
Q

Describe the break/fracture: Greenstick

A

Bones break incompletely (half way)

54
Q

What is the first step of how a bone fracture is repaired

A

Hematoma is formed - Blood filled swelling that deprives the bone cells of nutrients and causes them to die

55
Q

What is the second step of how a bone fracture is repaired

A

Break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus - contains cartilage matrix, bony matrix, and collagen fibers to close the gap

56
Q

What is the third step of how a bone fracture is repaired

A

Bony callus is formed - osteoblasts and clasts migrate to area, fibrocartilage is gradully replaced by a callus of spongy bone

57
Q

What is the fourth step of how a bone fracture is repaired

A

bony callus is remodeled in response to mechanical stress placed on it

58
Q

Describe how the skull of a newborn infant differs from that of an adult

A

Infants face is small compared to the size of its cranium, skull is large compared to total body length, skull of newborn still has some areas of hyaline cartilage not converted to bone and these fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones (Fontanels)

59
Q

What are the parts of a typical vertebra

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

60
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae

A

Larger than the cervical vertebrae, body is somewhat heart-shaped, has two costal demifacets on each side

61
Q

Describe the lumbar vertebrae

A

Have massive, block-like bodies with short, hatchet-shaped spinous process, sturdiest vertebrae

62
Q

Describe the sacrum

A

Formed by fusion of five vertebrae

63
Q

Describe the coccyx

A

Formed from the fusion of 3-5 tiny, irregular shaped vertebrae

64
Q

Describe the cervical vertebrae

A

Smallest, lightest and most often their spinosum processes are short and divided into two branches

65
Q

What are the two parts of the cervical

A

Atlas and Axis

66
Q

What are the abnormal spine curvatures

A

Scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis

67
Q

Describe scoliosis

A

Spine curves to left or right

68
Q

Describe kyphosis

A

Spine curves outward at shoulders

69
Q

Describe lordosis

A

Spine curves inward in lumbar region

70
Q

Name the three categories of joints

A

Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, synovial joints

71
Q

What four things do all joints have in common

A

Articular cartilage, fibrous articular capsule, joint cavity, reinforcing ligaments

72
Q

Types of joints based on shapes

A

Plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball-and-socket

73
Q

What are the functional classification of joints

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

74
Q

What is synarthroses joints

A

Immovable joints

75
Q

What are amphiarthroses joints

A

Slightly moveable joints

76
Q

What are the diarthroses

A

Freely moveable joints

77
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A

Where bones are unified by fibrous tissue - ALLOW NO MOVEMENT

78
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A

Where bone ends are connected by cartilage - SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE

79
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

Where articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid - FREELY MOVEABLE

Anat and Phys - Carter (15 decks)

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