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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 9 - Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum

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2
Q

Totipotent

A

Capable of developing into any type of body cell

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3
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells that can develop into many, but not all, classes of body cells

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4
Q

Multipotent

A

Capable of developing into different cells of only one class of cells (e.g., different kinds of blood cells)

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5
Q

Unipotent

A

Cells that can develop into only one type of cell

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6
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells that have an almost unlimited capacity for self-renewal and the ability to develop into many different types of cells

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7
Q

Neural plate

A

A small patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate embryo, from which the neural groove, the neural tube, and, ultimately, the mature nervous system develop

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8
Q

Mesoderm layer

A

The middle of the three cell layers in the developing embryo

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9
Q

Neural tube

A

The tube that is formed in the vertebrate embryo when the edges of the neural groove fuse and that develops into the central nervous system

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10
Q

Neural proliferation

A

The rapid increase in the number of neurons that follows the formation of the neural tube

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11
Q

Ventricular zone

A

The region adjacent to the ventricle in the developing neural tube

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12
Q

Subventricular zone

A

A region adjacent to the ventricular zone; the ventricular zone is adjacent to the ventricles

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13
Q

Radial glial cells

A

Glial cells that exist in the neural tube during the period of neural migration and that form a network along which radial migration occurs. Some radial glial cells are stem cells

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14
Q

Migration

A

The movement of cells from their site of creation in the ventricular zone of the neural tube to their appropriate target location

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15
Q

Radial migration

A

Movement of cells in the developing neural tube from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the tube’s outer wall

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16
Q

Tangential migration

A

Movement of cells in the developing neural tube in a direction parallel to the tube’s walls

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17
Q

Somal translocation

A

One of two major modes of neural migration, in which an extension grows out from the undeveloped neuron and draws the cell body up into it

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18
Q

Radial-glia-mediated migration

A

A type of migration in which the developing cell uses the long process that extends from each radial-glia cell as a sort of rope along which it pulls itself up and away from the ventricular zone.

Radial-glia-mediated migration allows a cell to migrate in only a radial fashion.

pg.241

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19
Q

Inside-out pattern (come back to this)

A

Early research on migration in the developing neural tube focused on the cortex. Based on the results of that research, it was asserted that cells migrated in an orderly fashion, progressing from deeper to more superficial layers. Because each wave of cortical cells migrates through the already formed lower layers of the cortex before reaching its destination, this radial pattern of cortical development is referred to as an inside-out pattern.

pg.241

20
Q

Neural crest

A

A structure situated just dorsal to the neural tube. It is formed from cells that break off from the neural tube as it is being formed

21
Q

Aggregation

A

The alignment of neurons during the development of the nervous system

22
Q

Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Molecules on the surface of cells that have the ability to recognize specific molecules on the surface of other cells and adhere to them

23
Q

Growth cone

A

Amoebalike structure at the tip of each growing axon or dendrite that guides growth to the appropriate target

24
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

Retinal neurons whose axons leave the eyeball and form the optic nerve

25
Q

Optic tectum

A

The main destination of retinal ganglion cells in nonmammalian vertebrates

26
Q

Chemoaffinity hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that growing axons are attracted to the correct targets by different chemicals released by the target sites

27
Q

Pioneer growth cones

A

The first growth cones to travel along a particular route in the developing nervous system

28
Q

Fasciculation

A

The tendency of developing axons to grow along the paths established by preceding axons

29
Q

Topographic gradient hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that axonal growth is guided by the relative position of the cell bodies on intersecting gradients, rather than by point-to-point coding of neural connections

30
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The formation of new synapses

31
Q

Necrosis

A

Passive cell death

32
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death that is actively induced by genetic programs; programmed cell death

33
Q

Neurotrophins

A

Chemicals that are supplied to developing neurons by their targets and that promote their survival

34
Q

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

The first neurotrophin to be discovered

35
Q

Brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF)

A

One type of neurotrophin

36
Q

Prenatal period

A

The period of development before birth

37
Q

Postnatal period

A

The period of development after birth

38
Q

Perseveration

A

The tendency to continue making a formerly correct response that is currently incorrect

39
Q

Critical period

A

A period during development in which a particular experience must occur for it to influence the course of subsequent development

40
Q

Sensitive period

A

An interval of time during development when an experience can have a greater effect on development if it occurs during that interval, as opposed to outside that interval

41
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The growth of new neurons

42
Q

Pattern separation

A

The ability to separate distinct percepts into individual memories for storage

43
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

A complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

44
Q

Savants

A

Individuals with developmental disabilities who nevertheless display amazing and specific cognitive or artistic abilities; savant abilities are sometimes associated with autism spectrum disorder

45
Q

Williams syndrome

A

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, accompanied by preserved language and social skills

46
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

The cortex of the inferior frontal lobes, adjacent
to the orbits, which receives olfactory input from the thalamus

47
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A

The large gyrus of the temporal lobe adjacent to the lateral fissure; the location of the auditory cortex

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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