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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 15 - Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain's Reward Circuits > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain's Reward Circuits Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharmacological

A

Pertaining to the scientific study of drugs

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2
Q

Pyschoactive drugs

A

Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system

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3
Q

Drug metabolism

A

The conversion of a drug from its active form to a nonactive form

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4
Q

Drug tolerance

A

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

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5
Q

Cross tolerance

A

Tolerance to the effects of one drug that develops as the result of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism

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6
Q

Drug sensitization

A

An increase in the sensitivity to a drug effect that develops as the result of exposure to the drug

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7
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

Tolerance that results from a reduction in the amount of a drug getting to its sites of action

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8
Q

Functional tolerance

A

Drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug

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9
Q

Withdrawal syndrome

A

The illness brought on by the elimination from the body of a drug on which the person is physically dependent

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10
Q

Physically dependent

A

Being in a state in which the discontinuation of drug taking will induce withdrawal reactions

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11
Q

Drug-addicted individuals

A

Those habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it

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12
Q

Contingent drug tolerance

A

Demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced (pg.409)

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

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13
Q

Before-and-after design

A

The experimental design used to demonstrate contingent drug tolerance; one group receives the drug before each of a series of behavioral tests and the other group receives the drug after each test

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14
Q

Conditioned drug tolerance

A

Tolerance effects that are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered

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15
Q

Conditioned compensatory responses

A

Hypothetical conditional physiological responses that are opposite to the effects of a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects

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16
Q

Exteroceptive stimuli

A

Stimuli that arise from outside the body

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17
Q

Interoceptive stimuli

A

Stimuli that arise from inside the body

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18
Q

Nicotine

A

The major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

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19
Q

Smoking

A

Inhaling the smoke from the burning of tobacco

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20
Q

Vaping

A

Inhaling a vapor that contains nicotine

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21
Q

Smoker’s syndrome

A

The chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smokers

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22
Q

Buerger’s disease

A

A condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever tobacco is smoked. The disease can progress to gangrene and amputation.

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23
Q

Teratogen

A

A drug or other chemical that causes birth defects

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24
Q

Drug craving

A

An affective state in which there is a strong desire for a particular drug

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25
Q

Depressant

A

A drug that depresses neural activity

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26
Q

Delirium tremens (DTs)

A

The phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorientation, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, and tachycardia

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27
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

A neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptoms include memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and, in its advanced stages, severe dementia

28
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring of the liver, which is a major cause of death among heavy alcohol users

29
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

A syndrome produced by prenatal exposure to alcohol and characterized by brain damage, intellectual disability, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth, and/or physical deformity

30
Q

Cannabis

A

The common hemp plant, which is the source of marijuana

31
Q

THC

A

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana

32
Q

Hashish

A

Dark corklike material extracted from the resin on the leaves and flowers of Cannabis

33
Q

Narcotic

A

A legal term generally used to refer to opioids

34
Q

Anandamide

A

The first endogenous endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized

35
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity

36
Q

Cocaine

A

A stimulant that exerts its effects by altering the activity of dopamine transporters

37
Q

Crack

A

A potent, cheap, smokable form of cocaine

38
Q

Cocaine sprees

A

Binges of cocaine use

39
Q

Cocaine psychosis

A

Psychotic symptoms that are sometimes observed during cocaine sprees; similar in certain respects to schizophrenia

40
Q

Amphetamine

A

A stimulant drug

41
Q

Empathogens

A

Psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy

42
Q

Dopamine transporters

A

Molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron

43
Q

Opium

A

The sap that exudes from the seed pods of the opium poppy

44
Q

Morphine

A

The major psychoactive ingredient in opium

45
Q

Codeine

A

A relatively weak psychoactive ingredient of opium

46
Q

Opioids

A

Morphine, codeine, heroin, and other chemicals with similar structures or effects

47
Q

Analgesics

A

Drugs that reduce pain

48
Q

Harrison Narcotics Act

A

The act passed in 1914 that made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the United States

49
Q

Heroin

A

A semisynthetic opioid

50
Q

Physical-dependence theories of addiction

A

Theories holding that the main factor that motivates drug-addicted individuals to keep taking drugs is the prevention or termination of withdrawal symptoms

51
Q

Positive-incentive theories of addiction

A

Theories holding that the primary factor in most cases of addiction is the craving for the positive-incentive (expected pleasure-producing) properties of the drug

52
Q

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)

A

The repeated performance of a response that delivers electrical stimulation to certain sites in the animal’s brain

53
Q

Mesotelencephalic dopamine system

A

The ascending projections of dopamine-releasing neurons from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the mesencephalon into various regions of the telencephalon

54
Q

Substantia nigra

A

The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system

55
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

The midbrain nucleus of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that is the major source of the mesoscorticolimbic pathway

56
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Nucleus of the ventral striatum and a major terminal of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway

57
Q

Mesocorticolimbic pathway

A

The component of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that has cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area that project to various cortical and limbic sites

58
Q

Drug self-administration paradigm

A

A test of the addictive potential of drugs in which laboratory animals can inject drugs into themselves by pressing a lever

59
Q

Conditioned place-reference-paradigm

A

A test that assesses a laboratory animal’s preference for an environment in which it has previously experienced drug effects relative to a control environment

60
Q

Relapse

A

The return to one’s drug taking habit after a period of voluntary abstinence

61
Q

Anhedonia

A

A general inability to experience pleasure

62
Q

Positive-incentive value

A

The anticipated pleasure associated with a particular action, such as taking a drug

63
Q

Hedonic value

A

The amount of pleasure that is actually experienced as the result of some action

64
Q

Incentive-sensitization theory

A

Theory that addictions develop when drug use sensitizes the neural circuits mediating wanting of the drug—not necessarily liking of the drug

65
Q

Drug priming

A

A single exposure to a formerly abused drug

66
Q

Incubation of drug craving

A

The time-dependent increase in cue-induced drug craving and relapse

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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