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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 13 - Hormones and Sex > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Hormones and Sex Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on the surface of the body

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2
Q

Endrocine glands

A

Ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the circulatory system

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system

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4
Q

Gonads

A

The testes and the ovaries

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5
Q

Testes

A

The male gonads

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

The female gonads

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7
Q

Copulation

A

Sexual intercourse

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8
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum

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9
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual’s genetic sex: XX for a female and XY for a male

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10
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones

A

Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an amino acid molecule

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11
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Hormones that are short chains of amino acids

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12
Q

Protein hormones

A

Hormones that are long chains of amino acids

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13
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol

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14
Q

Androgens

A

The class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone

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15
Q

Estrogens

A

The class of steroid hormones that are released in large amounts by the ovaries; an example is estradiol

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16
Q

Testosterone

A

The most common androgen

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17
Q

Estradiol

A

The most common estrogen

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18
Q

Progestins

A

The class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone

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19
Q

Progesterone

A

A progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy

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20
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of each adrenal gland, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as small amounts of steroid hormones

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21
Q

Gonadotropin

A

The pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the gonads

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22
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

The part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons

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23
Q

Pituitary stalk

A

The structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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24
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

The part of the pituitary gland that releases tropic hormones

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25
Menstrual cycle
The hormone-regulated cycle in females of follicle growth, egg release, buildup of the uterus lining, and menstruation
26
Vasopressin
One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys and is thus also called antidiuretic hormone.
27
Oxytocin
One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary, which in females stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling
28
Paraventricular nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesizing hormones released by the posterior pituitary
29
Supraoptic nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei in which the hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized
30
Hypothalamopituitary portal system
The vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
31
Releasing hormones
Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
32
Release-inhibiting hormone
Hypothalamic hormones that inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
33
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary
34
Thyrotropin
The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland
35
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
The hypothalamic releasing hormone that controls the release of the two gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary
36
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
The gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the development of ovarian follicles
37
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
The gonadotropic hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle
38
Pulsatile hormone release
The typical pattern of hormone release: Hormones are discharged several times per day in large surges
39
Sry gene
A gene on the Y chromosome that triggers the production of Sry protein
40
Sry protein
A protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to grow and develop into a testis
41
Intersexed person
A term used to refer to a person who is born with sexual anatomy that does not clearly fit into typical definitions of male and female sexual anatomy
42
Wolffian system
The embryonic precursor of the male reproductive ducts
43
Müllerian system
The embryonic precursor of the female reproductive ducts
44
Müllerian-inhibiting substance
The testicular hormone that causes the precursor of the female reproductive ducts (the Müllerian system) to degenerate and the testes to descend
45
Scrotum
The sac that holds the male testes outside the body cavity
46
Ovariectomy
The removal of the ovaries
47
Orchidectomy
The removal of the testes
48
Gonadectomy
The surgical removal of the gonads; castration
49
Genitals
The external reproductive organs
50
Secondary sex characteristics
Body features, other than the reproductive organs, that distinguish males from female
51
Growth hormone
The anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt
52
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
An anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices
53
Androstenedione
The adrenal androgen that is responsible for the growth of pubic hair and axillary hair in human females
54
Aromatase
An enzyme that promotes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol
55
Aromatization
The chemical process by which testosterone is converted to estradiol
56
Aromatization hypothesis
The hypothesis that the brain is masculinized by estradiol that is produced from perinatal testosterone through a process called aromatization
57
Alpha fetoprotein
A protein that is present in the blood of many mammals during the perinatal period and that deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it
58
Masculinizes
Enhances or produces male characteristics
59
Defeminizes
Suppresses or disrupts female characteristics
60
Lordosis
The arched-back, rump-up, tail-to-the-side posture of female rodent sexual receptivity
61
Feminizes
Enhances or produces female characteristics
62
Demasculinizes
Suppresses or disrupts male characteristics
63
Intromission
Insertion of the penis into the vagina
64
Ejaculation
To eject sperm from the penis
65
Proceptive behaviors
Behaviors that solicit the sexual advances of members of the other sex
66
Sexual dimorphisms
nIstances where a behavior (or structure) comes in two distinct classes (male or female) into which most individuals can be unambiguously assigned
67
(Complete) androgen insensitivity syndrome
Results from a mutation to the androgen receptor gene that renders the androgen receptors unresponsive and leads to the development of a female body
68
Adrenogenital syndrome
Caused by congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which results in the excessive release of adrenal androgens which have masculinizing effects in females
69
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
A congenital deficiency in the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which leads to the excessive release of adrenal androgens
70
Ablatio penis
Accidental destruction of the penis via surgery
71
Replacement injections
Injections of a hormone whose natural release has been curtailed by the removal of the gland that normally releases it
72
Impotent
Unable to achieve a penile erection
73
Estrus
The portion of the estrous cycle characterized by proceptivity, sexual receptivity, and fertility (estrus is a noun and estrous an adjective)
74
Estrous cycle
The cycle of sexual receptivity displayed by many female mammals
75
Anabolic steroids
Steroid drugs that are similar to testosterone and have powerful anabolic (growth-promoting) effects
76
Medial preoptic area
The area of the hypothalamus that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and that plays a key role in the control of male sexual behavior
77
Sexually dimorphic nucleus
The nucleus in the medial preoptic area of rats that is larger in males than in females
78
Ventromedial nucleus (VMN)
A hypothalamic nucleus that is thought to be involved in female sexual behavior
79
Heterosexual
Sexually attracted to members of the other sex.
80
Gay
Sexually attracted to members of the same sex.
81
Lesbian
Women who are attracted to women
82
Asexual
Not sexually attracted to others
83
Gender identity
The gender that a person most identifies with: female, male, some combination of male and female, neither female or male, or some other gender category
84
Transgender
An individual who identifies as a man, a woman, or some intersection thereof
85
Fraternal birth order effect
The finding that the probability of a male being attracted to other males increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has
86
Maternal immune hypothesis
The hypothesis that mothers become progressively more immune to some masculinizing hormone in their male fetuses; proposed to explain the fraternal birth order effect

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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