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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 16 - Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Cerebral commissures

A

Tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

Lateralization of function

A

The unequal representation of various psychological functions in the two hemispheres of the brain

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3
Q

Split-brain patients

A

Commissurotomized patients

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4
Q

Commissurotomy

A

Surgical severing of the cerebral commissures

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5
Q

Aphasia

A

A brain damage–produced deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language

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6
Q

Frontal operculum

A

The area of prefrontal cortex that in the left hemisphere is the location of Broca’s area

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7
Q

Planum temporale

A

An area of temporal lobe cortex that lies in the posterior region of the lateral fissure and, in the left hemisphere, roughly corresponds to Wernicke’s area

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8
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

The temporal lobe gyrus that is the location of primary auditory cortex

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9
Q

Motor theory of speech perception

A

The theory that the perception of speech involves activation of the same areas of the brain that are involved in the production of speech

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10
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

The area of the left temporal cortex hypothesized by Wernicke to be the center of language comprehension

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11
Q

Broca’s area

A

The area of the inferior prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere hypothesized by Broca to be the center of speech production

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12
Q

Apraxia

A

A disorder in which patients have great difficulty performing movements when asked to do so out of context but can readily perform them spontaneously in natural situations

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13
Q

Dominant hemisphere

A

A term used in the past to refer to the left hemisphere, based on the incorrect assumption that the left hemisphere is dominant in all complex behavioral and cognitive
activities

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14
Q

Minor hemisphere

A

A term used in the past to refer to the right hemisphere, based on the incorrect assumption that the left hemisphere is dominant

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15
Q

Sodium amytal test

A

A test involving the anesthetization of first one cerebral hemisphere and then the other to determine which hemisphere plays the dominant role in language

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16
Q

Dichotic listening test

A

A test of language lateralization in which two different sequences of three spoken digits are presented simultaneously, one to each ear, and the subject is asked to report all of the digits heard

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17
Q

Dextrals

A

Right-handers

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18
Q

Sinestrals

A

Left-handers

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19
Q

Expressive

A

Pertaining to the generation of language; that is, pertaining to writing or talking

20
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

A hypothetical disorder of speech production with no associated deficits in language comprehension

21
Q

Receptive

A

Pertaining to the comprehension of language and speech

22
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

A hypothetical disorder of language comprehension with no associated deficits in speech production

23
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

The major neural pathway between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

24
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

A hypothetical aphasia that is thought to result from damage to the arcuate fasciculus—the pathway between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

25
Q

Angular gyrus

A

The gyrus of the posterior cortex at the boundary between the temporal and parietal lobes. According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model the left hemisphere angular gyrus plays a role in reading.

26
Q

Alexia

A

A specific inability to read; one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits.

27
Q

Agraphia

A

A specific inability to write; one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits

28
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind model

A

An influential model of cortical language localization in the left hemisphere

29
Q

Global aphasia

A

Severe disruption of all language-related abilities

30
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes among various words in a language

31
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The largest cerebral commissure

32
Q

Scotoma

A

An area of blindness produced by damage to, or disruption of, an area of the visual system

33
Q

Cross-cuing

A

Communication between hemispheres that have been separated by commissurotomy via an external route

34
Q

Helping-hand phenomenon

A

The redirection of one hand of a splitbrain patient by the other hand

35
Q

Visual completion

A

The completion or filling in of a scotoma by the brain

36
Q

Chimeric figures test

A

A test of visual completion in split-brain subjects that uses pictures composed of the left and right halves of two different faces

37
Q

Phonological analysis

A

Analysis of the sound of language

38
Q

Grammatical analysis

A

Analysis of the structure of language

39
Q

Semantic analysis

A

Analysis of the meaning of language

40
Q

Dyslexia

A

A reading disorder that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits

41
Q

Developmental dyslexias

A

Dyslexias that become apparent when a child is learning to read

42
Q

Acquired dyslexias

A

Dyslexias caused by brain damage in people previously capable of reading

43
Q

Lexical procedure

A

A procedure for reading aloud that is based on specific stored information acquired about written words

44
Q

Phonetic procedure

A

A procedure for reading aloud that involves the recognition of letters and the application of a language’s rules of pronunciation

45
Q

Surface dyslexia

A

A reading disorder in which the lexical procedure is disrupted while the phonetic procedure is not

46
Q

Deep dyslexia

A

A reading disorder in which the phonetic procedure is disrupted while the lexical procedure is not

47
Q

Hemispherectomy

A

The removal of one cerebral hemisphere

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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