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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 10 - Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity Flashcards

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1
Q

Tumor (neoplasm)

A

A mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body

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2
Q

Meningiomas

A

Tumors that grow between the meninges

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3
Q

Encapsulated tumors

A

Tumors that grow within their own membrane

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4
Q

Benign tumors

A

Tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body

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5
Q

Infiltrating tumors

A

Tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissus

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6
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Tumors that are difficult to remove or destroy, and continue to grow after attempts to remove or destroy them

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7
Q

Gliomas

A

Brain tumors that develop from glial cells

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8
Q

Metastatic tumors

A

Tumors that originate in one organ and spread to another

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9
Q

Strokes

A

Sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage

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10
Q

Penumbra

A

The dysfunctional area of brain tissue around an infarct. The tissue in the penumbra may recover or die in the days following a stroke.

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11
Q

Cerebral hemorrhage

A

Bleeding in the brain

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12
Q

Aneurysm

A

A pathological balloonlike dilation that forms in the wall of an artery at a point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective

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13
Q

Congenital

A

Present at birh

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14
Q

Thrombosis

A

The blockage of blood flow by a plug (a thrombus) at the site of its formation

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15
Q

Embolism

A

The blockage of blood flow in a smaller blood vessel by a plug that was formed in a larger blood vessel and carried by the bloodstream to the smaller one

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16
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A movement disorder that is associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

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17
Q

Substantia nigra

A

The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system

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18
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

The pathway along which axons from neurons in the substantia nigra project to the striatum

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19
Q

Striatum

A

A structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway

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20
Q

Alpha-synuclein (come back to this)

A

A neuronal protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SNCA gene. It regulates synaptic vesicle trafficking and subsequent neurotransmitter release.

(via Wikipedia)

pg.268

Autopsy often reveals clumps of a protein called
alpha-synuclein in the surviving dopaminergic neurons
of the substantia nigra—these clumps are known as Lewy
bodies, after the German pathologist who first reported
them in 1912 (see Lashuel et al., 2013). Alpha-synuclein
is currently the focus of intense research because it is
believed to play an important role in the development and spread of pathology in the brains of Parkinson’s patients
(see Harris et al., 2020; Mor et al., 2017; Roy, 2017; Visanji
et al., 2016; but see Surmeier, Obeso, & Halliday, 2017)

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21
Q

Lewy bodies

A

Clumps of proteins that can be found in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra of Parkinson’s patients

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22
Q

L-dopa

A

The chemical precursor of dopamine, which is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease

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23
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

A treatment in which low intensity electrical stimulation is continually applied to an area of the brain through an implanted electrode

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24
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

A nucleus that lies just below the thalamus and is connected to the basal ganglia; deep brain stimulation applied to this site has been used to treat Parkinson’s disease

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25
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

A progressive terminal disorder of motor and intellectual function that is produced in adulthood by a dominant gene

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26
Q

Huntingtin

A

The dominant gene that is mutated in cases of Huntington’s disease

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27
Q

Huntingtin protein

A

A protein whose synthesis is controlled by the huntingtin gene and is thus abnormal in individuals with Huntington’s disease

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28
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

A progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the central nervous system

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29
Q

Ataxia

A

A loss of motor coordination

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30
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the factors that influence the distribution of a disease in the general population

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31
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

The most common form of dementia in the elderly. Its three defining characteristics are neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss.

32
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

A condition in which blood vessels are narrowed or blocked by the accumulation of fat deposits on their walls

33
Q

Glutamate

A

The most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

34
Q

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors

A

Glutamate receptors that play key roles in the development of stroke-induced brain damage and long-term potentiation at glutaminergic synapses

35
Q

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

Serious damage caused to the brain by a blow to the head

36
Q

Closed-head TBIs

A

Brain injuries produced by blows that do not penetrate the skull

37
Q

Contusions

A

Closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system, which produces internal hemorrhaging

38
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

A “puddle of blood” that accumulates in the subdural space—the space between
the dura mater and arachnoid
membrane—and severely distorts
the surrounding neural tissue.

39
Q

Contrecoup injuries

A

Contusions that occur on the side of the brain opposite to the side of a blow

40
Q

Mild TBI (mTBI)

A

When there is a disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and there is no evidence of contusion or other structural damage

41
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

The dementia and cerebral scarring observed in boxers, rugby players, american football players, and other individuals who have experienced repeated concussive, or even subconcussive blows to the head

42
Q

Dementia

A

General intellectual deterioration

43
Q

Encephalitis

A

The inflammation associated with brain infection

44
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial infection

45
Q

Toxic psychosis

A

A chronic psychiatric disorder produced by exposure to a neurotoxin

46
Q

Tau protein

A

Plays a role in maintaining the overall structure of neurons

47
Q

Beta-amyloid

A

A protein that is present in normal brains in small amounts. Beta-amyloid is a major constituent of the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer’s disease.

48
Q

Kindling phenomenon

A

The progressive development and intensification of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic low-intensity brain stimulations—most commonly by daily electrical stimulations to the amygdala

49
Q

Epileptogenesis

A

Development of epilepsy

50
Q

MPTP

A

A neurotoxin that produces a disorder in primates that is similar to Parkinson’s disease

51
Q

Anterograde degeneration

A

The degeneration of the distal segment of a cut axon

52
Q

Distal segment

A

The segment of a cut axon between the cut and the axon terminals

53
Q

Tardive dyskinesia (TD)

A

A motor disorder that results from chronic use of certain antipsychotic drugs

54
Q

Down syndrome

A

A disorder associated with the presence of an extra chromosome 21, resulting in disfigurement and intellectual impairment

55
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death that is actively induced by genetic programs; programmed cell death

56
Q

Epilepsy

A

A neurological disorder characterized by spontaneously recurring seizure

57
Q

Convulsions

A

Motor seizures

58
Q

Epileptic auras

A

Psychological changes that precede the onset of a seizure

59
Q

Focal seizure

A

A seizure that does not involve the entire brain

60
Q

Simple seizures

A

Focal seizures in which the symptoms are primarily sensory or motor or both

61
Q

Complex seizures

A

Seizures that are characterized by various complex psychological phenomena and are thought to originate in the temporal lobes

62
Q

Generalized seizures

A

Seizures that involve the entire brain

63
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure

A

A type of generalized seizure whose primary behavioral symptoms are loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and a tonic-clonic convulsion—a convulsion involving both tonus and clonus

64
Q

Hypoxia

A

Shortage of oxygen supply to tissue—for example, to the brain

65
Q

Absence seizure

A

A type of generalized seizure whose primary behavioral symptom is a disruption of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior, a vacant look, and sometimes fluttering eyelids

66
Q

3-per-second spike-and-wave discharge

A

The characteristic EEG pattern of the absence seizure

67
Q

Retrograde degeneration

A

Degeneration of the proximal segment of a cut axon

68
Q

Proximal segment

A

The segment of a cut axon between the cut and the cell body

69
Q

Transneuronal degeneration

A

Degeneration of a neuron caused by damage to another neuron to which it is linked by a synapse

70
Q

Neural regeneration

A

The regrowth of damaged neurons

71
Q

Schwann cells

A

The glial cells that compose the myelin sheaths of PNS axons and promote the regeneration of PNS axons

72
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Glial cells that myelinate central nervous system axons; also known as oligodendrocytes

73
Q

Collateral sprouting

A

The growth of axon branches from mature neurons, usually to postsynaptic sites abandoned by adjacent axons that have degenerated

74
Q

Enriched environments

A

Laboratory environments designed to promote cognitive and physical activity by providing opportunities for a greater variety of sensory and motor experiences than available in conventional laboratory environments; commonly used to study the effects of experience on development in rats and mice

75
Q

Phantom limb

A

Phenomenon wherein amputees still perceive the presence of their missing limb

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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