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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 7 - Sensory Sytems, Perception, and Attention > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Sensory Sytems, Perception, and Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

An area of the sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system

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2
Q

Secondary sensory cortex

A

An area of the sensory cortex that receives most of its input from the primary sensory cortex of one sensory system or from other areas of the secondary cortex of the same system

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3
Q

Association cortex

A

An area of the cortex that receives input from more
than one sensory system

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4
Q

Hierarchical organization

A

Organization into a series of levels that can be ranked with respect to one another; for example, in sensory systems, the primary cortex, secondary cortex, and association cortex perform progressively more detailed analyses

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5
Q

Functional segregation

A

Organization into different areas, each of which performs a different function; for example, in sensory systems, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus

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6
Q

Parallel processing

A

The simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network

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7
Q

Fourier analysis

A

A mathematical procedure for breaking down a complex wave form into component sine waves of various frequencies

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8
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

The eardrum

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9
Q

Ossicles

A

The three small bones of the middle ear: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes

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10
Q

Oval window

A

The membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea

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11
Q

Cochlea

A

The long, coiled tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid and contains the organ of Corti and its auditory receptors

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12
Q

Organ of Corti

A

The auditory receptor organ, comprising the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrane

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13
Q

Hair cells

A

The receptors of the auditory system

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14
Q

Basilar membrane

A

The membrane of the organ of Corti in which
the hair cell receptors are embedded

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15
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

The cochlear membrane that rests on the hair cells

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16
Q

Auditory nerve

A

The branch of cranial nerve VIII that carries auditory signals from the hair cells in the basilar membrane

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17
Q

Retinotopic

A

Organized, like the primary visual cortex, according to a map of the retina

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18
Q

Tonotopic

A

Organized, like the primary auditory cortex, according to the frequency of sound

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19
Q

Semicircular canals

A

The receptive organs of the vestibular system

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20
Q

Vestibular system

A

The sensory system that detects changes in the direction and intensity of head movements and that contributes to the maintenance of balance through its output to the motor system

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21
Q

Superior olives

A

Medullary nuclei that play a role in sound localization

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22
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

The structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives

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23
Q

Medial geniculate nuclei

A

The auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to the primary auditory cortex

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24
Q

Periodotopy

A

The notion that auditory cortex topography is linked to the temporal components of sound

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25
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing in the ears

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26
Q

Stereognosis

A

The process of identifying objects by touch

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27
Q

Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system

A

The division of the somatosensory system that ascends in the dorsal portion of the spinal white matter and tends to carry signals related to touch and proprioception

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28
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

The somatosensory pathway between the dorsal column nuclei and the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

29
Q

Ventral posterior nucleus

A

A thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems

30
Q

Somatotopic

A

Organized, like the primary somatosensory cortex, according to a map of the surface of the body

31
Q

Somatosensory homunculus

A

The somatotopic map in the primary somatosensory cortex

32
Q

Astereognosia

A

An inability to recognize objects by touch that is not attributable to a simple sensory deficit or to an intellectual impairment

33
Q

Asomatognosia

A

A deficiency in the awareness of parts of one’s own body that is typically produced by damage to the right parietal lobe

34
Q

Anosognosia

A

The common failure of neuropsychological patients to recognize their own symptoms

35
Q

Contralateral neglect

A

A disturbance of the patient’s ability to respond to stimuli on the side of the body opposite to a site of brain damage, usually the left side of the body following damage to the right parietal lobe

36
Q

Rubber-hand illusion

A

The feeling that an extraneous object, usually a rubber hand, is actually part of one’s own body

37
Q

Thermal grid illusion

A

The perception of pain that results from placing one’s hand on a grid of metal rods that alternate between cool and warm

38
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

The cortex of the anterior cingulate gyrus

39
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A

The gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit

40
Q

Endorphins

A

A class of endogenous opioids

41
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus

42
Q

Flavor

A

The combined impression of taste and smell

43
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemicals that are released by an animal and elicit through their odor specific patterns of behavior in its conspecifics

44
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

The mucous membrane that lines the upper nasal passages and contains the olfactory receptor cells

45
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

Their output goes primarily to the amygdala and piriform cortex

46
Q

Olfactory glomeruli

A

Discrete clusters of neurons that lie near the surface of the olfactory bulbs

47
Q

Chemotopic

A

Organized, like the olfactory bulb, according to a map of various odors

48
Q

Piriform cortex

A

An area of medial temporal cortex that is adjacent to the amygdala and that receives direct olfactory input

49
Q

Medial dorsal nuclei

A

The thalamic relay nuclei of the olfactory system

50
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

The cortex of the inferior frontal lobes, adjacent to the orbits, which receives olfactory input
from the thalamus

51
Q

Taste buds

A

Clusters of taste receptors found on the tongue and in parts of the oral cavity

52
Q

Solitary nucleus

A

The medullary relay nucleus of the gustatory system

53
Q

Anosmia

A

The inability to smell

54
Q

Ageusia

A

The inability to taste

55
Q

Percept

A

The outcome of perception

56
Q

Perceptual decision making

A

Decisions affecting perception that are based on prior experiences and current incoming sensory information

57
Q

Bistable figures

A

A stimulus that produces two alternating perceptions

58
Q

Phantom percepts

A

Products of perception when there is an absence of sensory input

59
Q

Phantom limb

A

Phenomenon wherein amputees still perceive the presence of their missing limb

60
Q

Charles Bonnet syndrome

A

A condition, most commonly seen in people with glaucoma, wherein affected individuals experience richand complex hallucinations (e.g., people’s faces, complex landscapes)

61
Q

Binding problem

A

When the brain combines individual sensory attributes to produce integrated perceptions

62
Q

Selective attention

A

The ability to focus on a small subset of the multitude of stimuli that are being received at any one time

63
Q

Top-down

A

A sort of neural mechanism that involves activation of lower cortical areas by higher cortical areas

64
Q

Bottom-up

A

A sort of neural mechanism that involves activation of higher cortical areas by lower cortical areas

65
Q

Cocktail-party phenomenon

A

The ability to unconsciously monitor the contents of one conversation while consciously focusing on another

66
Q

Change blindness

A

The difficulty perceiving major changes to unattended-to parts of a visual image when the changes are introduced during brief interruptions in the presentation of the image

67
Q

Attentional gaze

A

The shift in attention from one perceptual object to another

68
Q

Frontal eye field

A

A small area of prefrontal cortex that controls eye movements

69
Q

Simultanagnosia

A

A difficulty attending to more than one stimulus at a time

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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