Chapter 14 - Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms

Question 1

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 1

A measure of the gross electrical activity of the brain, commonly recorded through scalp electrodes

Question 2

Electrooculogram (EOG)

Answer 2

A measure of eye movement

Question 3

Electromyogram (EMG)

Answer 3

A record of muscle tension

Question 4

Alpha waves

Answer 4

Regular, 8- to 12-per-second, high-amplitude EEG waves that typically occur during relaxed wakefulness and just before falling asleep

Question 5

Delta waves

Answer 5

The largest and slowest EEG waves

Question 6

Initial stage 1 EEG

Answer 6

The period of the stage 1 EEG that occurs at the onset of sleep; it is not associated with REMs

Question 7

Emergent stage 1 EEG

Answer 7

All periods of stage 1 sleep EEG except initial stage 1; each is associated with REMs

Question 8

REM sleep

Answer 8

The stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, loss of core muscle tone, and emergent stage 1 EEG

Question 9

Slow-wave sleep

Answer 9

Stage 3 sleep, which is characterized by the largest and slowest EEG waves

Question 10

Lucid dreaming

Answer 10

The ability to be consciously aware that one is dreaming and, in some cases, be able to control the content of one’s dream

Question 11

Recuperation theories of sleep

Answer 11

Theories based on the premise that being awake disturbs the body’s homeostasis and the function of sleep is to restore it

Question 12

Adaptation theories of sleep

Answer 12

Theories of sleep based on the premise that sleep evolved to protect organisms from predation and accidents and to conserve their energy rather than to fulfill some particular physiological need

Question 13

Executive function

Answer 13

A collection of cognitive abilities (e.g., innovative thinking, lateral thinking, and insightful thinking) that appear to depend on the prefrontal cortex

Question 14

Microsleeps

Answer 14

Brief periods of sleep that occur in sleep deprived subjects while they remain sitting or standing

Question 15

Carousel apparatus

Answer 15

An apparatus used to study the effects of sleep deprivation in laboratory rats

Question 16

Circadian rhythms

Answer 16

Daily cycles of bodily functions

Question 17

Zeitgebers

Answer 17

Environmental cues, such as the light–dark cycle, that entrain circadian rhythms

Question 18

Free-running rhythms

Answer 18

Circadian rhythms that do not depend on environmental cues to keep them on a regular schedule

Question 19

Free-running period

Answer 19

The duration of one cycle of a free-running rhythm

Question 20

Internal desynchronization

Answer 20

The cycling on different schedules of the free-running circadian rhythms of two or more different processes

Question 21

Jet lag

Answer 21

The adverse effects on body function of the acceleration of zeitgebers during eastbound flights or their deceleration during westbound flights

Question 22

Circadian clock

Answer 22

An internal timing mechanism that is capable of maintaining daily cycles of physiological functions

Question 23

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

Answer 23

Nuclei of the medial hypothalamus that control the circadian cycles of various body functions

Question 24

Melanopsin

Answer 24

Photopigment found in certain retinal ganglion cells that responds to changes in background illumination and plays a role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms

Question 25

Tau

Answer 25

The first circadian gene to be identified in mammals

Question 26

Cerveau isolé preparation

Answer 26

An experimental preparation in which the forebrain is disconnected from the rest of the brain by a midcolicular transection

Question 27

Desynchronized EEG

Answer 27

Low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG

Question 28

Encéphale isolé preparation

Answer 28

An experimental preparation in which the brain is separated from the rest of the nervous system by a transection of the caudal brain stem

Question 29

Reticular activating system

Answer 29

The hypothetical arousal system in the reticular formation

Question 30

Hypnotic drugs

Answer 30

Sleep-promoting drugs

Question 31

Antihypnotic drugs

Answer 31

Sleep-reducing drugs

Question 32

Melatonin

Answer 32

A hormone that is synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland, and is both a soporific and a chronobiotic

Question 33

Benzodiazepines

Answer 33

A class of GABAA agonists with anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties; drugs such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium)

Question 34

Imidazopyridines

Answer 34

A class of GABA_A agonists that were marketed for the treatment of insomnia

Question 35

5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

Answer 35

The precursor of serotonin

Question 36

Pineal gland

Answer 36

The endocrine gland that is the human body’s sole source of melatonin

Question 37

Chronobiotic

Answer 37

A substance that influences the timing of internal biological rhythms

Question 38

Insomnia

Answer 38

Sleeplessness

Question 39

Hypersomnia

Answer 39

Disorders characterized by excessive sleep or sleepiness

Question 40

Iatrogenic

Answer 40

Physician-created

Question 41

Sleep apnea

Answer 41

A condition in which sleep is repeatedly disturbed by momentary interruptions in breathing

Question 42

Periodic limb movement disorder

Answer 42

Characterized by periodic, involuntary movements of the limbs often involving twitches of the legs during sleep; one cause of insomnia

Question 43

Restless legs syndrome

Answer 43

Tension or uneasiness in the legs that keeps a person from falling asleep; one cause of insomnia

Question 44

Narcolepsy

Answer 44

A disorder of hypersomnia that is characterized by repeated, brief daytime sleep attacks and cataplexy

Question 45

Cataplexy

Answer 45

A disorder that is characterized by recurring losses of muscle tone during wakefulness and is often seen in cases of narcolepsy

Question 46

Sleep paralysis

Answer 46

A sleep disorder characterized by the inability to move (paralysis) just as a person is falling asleep or waking up

Question 47

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 47

Dreamlike experiences that occur during wakefulness

Question 48

Orexin

Answer 48

A neuropeptide that has been implicated in narcolepsy; sometimes called hypocretin

Question 49

REM-sleep behavior disorder

Answer 49

A disorder where the individual experiences REM sleep without core-muscle atonia

Question 50

Polyphasic sleep cycles

Answer 50

Sleep cycles that regularly involve more than one period of sleep per day

Question 51

Monophasic sleep cycles

Answer 51

Sleep cycles that regularly involve only one period of sleep per day, typically at night

Question 52

Sleep inertia

Answer 52

The unpleasant feeling of grogginess that is sometimes experienced for a few minutes after awakening