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PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology > Chapter 14 - Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms Flashcards

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1
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

A measure of the gross electrical activity of the brain, commonly recorded through scalp electrodes

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2
Q

Electrooculogram (EOG)

A

A measure of eye movement

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3
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

A record of muscle tension

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4
Q

Alpha waves

A

Regular, 8- to 12-per-second, high-amplitude EEG waves that typically occur during relaxed wakefulness and just before falling asleep

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5
Q

Delta waves

A

The largest and slowest EEG waves

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6
Q

Initial stage 1 EEG

A

The period of the stage 1 EEG that occurs at the onset of sleep; it is not associated with REMs

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7
Q

Emergent stage 1 EEG

A

All periods of stage 1 sleep EEG except initial stage 1; each is associated with REMs

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8
Q

REM sleep

A

The stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, loss of core muscle tone, and emergent stage 1 EEG

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9
Q

Slow-wave sleep

A

Stage 3 sleep, which is characterized by the largest and slowest EEG waves

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10
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

The ability to be consciously aware that one is dreaming and, in some cases, be able to control the content of one’s dream

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11
Q

Recuperation theories of sleep

A

Theories based on the premise that being awake disturbs the body’s homeostasis and the function of sleep is to restore it

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12
Q

Adaptation theories of sleep

A

Theories of sleep based on the premise that sleep evolved to protect organisms from predation and accidents and to conserve their energy rather than to fulfill some particular physiological need

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13
Q

Executive function

A

A collection of cognitive abilities (e.g., innovative thinking, lateral thinking, and insightful thinking) that appear to depend on the prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

Microsleeps

A

Brief periods of sleep that occur in sleep deprived subjects while they remain sitting or standing

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15
Q

Carousel apparatus

A

An apparatus used to study the effects of sleep deprivation in laboratory rats

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16
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Daily cycles of bodily functions

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17
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Environmental cues, such as the light–dark cycle, that entrain circadian rhythms

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18
Q

Free-running rhythms

A

Circadian rhythms that do not depend on environmental cues to keep them on a regular schedule

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19
Q

Free-running period

A

The duration of one cycle of a free-running rhythm

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20
Q

Internal desynchronization

A

The cycling on different schedules of the free-running circadian rhythms of two or more different processes

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21
Q

Jet lag

A

The adverse effects on body function of the acceleration of zeitgebers during eastbound flights or their deceleration during westbound flights

22
Q

Circadian clock

A

An internal timing mechanism that is capable of maintaining daily cycles of physiological functions

23
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

A

Nuclei of the medial hypothalamus that control the circadian cycles of various body functions

24
Q

Melanopsin

A

Photopigment found in certain retinal ganglion cells that responds to changes in background illumination and plays a role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms

25
Q

Tau

A

The first circadian gene to be identified in mammals

26
Q

Cerveau isolé preparation

A

An experimental preparation in which the forebrain is disconnected from the rest of the brain by a midcolicular transection

27
Q

Desynchronized EEG

A

Low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG

28
Q

Encéphale isolé preparation

A

An experimental preparation in which the brain is separated from the rest of the nervous system by a transection of the caudal brain stem

29
Q

Reticular activating system

A

The hypothetical arousal system in the reticular formation

30
Q

Hypnotic drugs

A

Sleep-promoting drugs

31
Q

Antihypnotic drugs

A

Sleep-reducing drugs

32
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone that is synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland, and is both a soporific and a chronobiotic

33
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

A class of GABAA agonists with anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties; drugs such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium)

34
Q

Imidazopyridines

A

A class of GABA_A agonists that were marketed for the treatment of insomnia

35
Q

5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

A

The precursor of serotonin

36
Q

Pineal gland

A

The endocrine gland that is the human body’s sole source of melatonin

37
Q

Chronobiotic

A

A substance that influences the timing of internal biological rhythms

38
Q

Insomnia

A

Sleeplessness

39
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Disorders characterized by excessive sleep or sleepiness

40
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Physician-created

41
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A condition in which sleep is repeatedly disturbed by momentary interruptions in breathing

42
Q

Periodic limb movement disorder

A

Characterized by periodic, involuntary movements of the limbs often involving twitches of the legs during sleep; one cause of insomnia

43
Q

Restless legs syndrome

A

Tension or uneasiness in the legs that keeps a person from falling asleep; one cause of insomnia

44
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A disorder of hypersomnia that is characterized by repeated, brief daytime sleep attacks and cataplexy

45
Q

Cataplexy

A

A disorder that is characterized by recurring losses of muscle tone during wakefulness and is often seen in cases of narcolepsy

46
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

A sleep disorder characterized by the inability to move (paralysis) just as a person is falling asleep or waking up

47
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

Dreamlike experiences that occur during wakefulness

48
Q

Orexin

A

A neuropeptide that has been implicated in narcolepsy; sometimes called hypocretin

49
Q

REM-sleep behavior disorder

A

A disorder where the individual experiences REM sleep without core-muscle atonia

50
Q

Polyphasic sleep cycles

A

Sleep cycles that regularly involve more than one period of sleep per day

51
Q

Monophasic sleep cycles

A

Sleep cycles that regularly involve only one period of sleep per day, typically at night

52
Q

Sleep inertia

A

The unpleasant feeling of grogginess that is sometimes experienced for a few minutes after awakening

PSYCH 110 - Biopsychology (18 decks)

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