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Biology > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

what do catabolic pathways do?

A

release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules

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2
Q

The breakdown of organic molecules are ________

A

exergonic

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3
Q

What does aerobic respiration consume and yield?

A

consumes: organic molecule + O2
yields: ATP

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4
Q

What is fermentation?

A

a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

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5
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 (inorganic molecule, nitrate, sulfate, ferric ions)

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6
Q

What is used to trace cellular respiration

A

glucose

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7
Q

What catabolic pathways are used in cellular respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

but typically referred to as a aerobic process

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8
Q

What are the 3 different types of catabolic pathways

A
  1. aerobic respiration
  2. fermentation
  3. anaerobic respiration
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9
Q

How does transferring electrons during chemical reactions effect energy stored in organic molecules?

A

The transfer of electrons RELEASES stored energy

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10
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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11
Q

what is oxidation?

A

when a substance loses electrons

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12
Q

what is reduction?

A

when a substance gains electrons

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13
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

an electron donor

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14
Q

what is an oxidizing agent?

A

an electron receptor

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15
Q

During cellular respiration glucose is (oxidized/reduced)?

A

oxidized

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16
Q

During cellular respiration O2 is (oxidized/reduced)?

A

reduced

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17
Q

The oxidation of C6H12O6 produces _______

A

6 CO2

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18
Q

The reduction of 6 O2 produces __________

A

6 H2O

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19
Q

Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to _____

A

NAD+

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20
Q

NAD+ is a _________

A

coenzyme

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21
Q

NAD+ _______ electrons

A

accepts

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22
Q

NAD+ is a __________ agent

A

oxidizing

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23
Q

What is the reduced form of NAD+?

A

NADH

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24
Q

NAD+ plus an electron is ________

A

NADH

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25
Q

What is the structural difference between NAD+ and NADH?

A

NADH has two hydrogens in its hexagonal structure vs. NAD+ which has 1

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26
Q

NADH passes the electrons to the _________

A

electron transport chain

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27
Q

What are the 3 stages of harvesting energy from glucose?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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28
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration accounts for the most ATP production?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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29
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation powered by?

A

redox reactions

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30
Q

In glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what process produces ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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31
Q

What transfers a phosphate group from an organic substance to ADP?

A

Enzymes

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32
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The stage of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate

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33
Q

What are the two major phases of glycolysis?

A
  1. Energy Investment

2. Energy Payoff

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34
Q

How many ATP are used in the Energy Investment phase of Glycolysis?

A

2 are used

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35
Q

What is produced in the Energy Payoff Phase of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP
2 NADH
2 H+

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36
Q

What is the net production of ATP?

A

2 ATP

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37
Q

What are the molecular stages of glycolysis investment phase?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose 6-Phoshate
  3. Fructose 6- Phosphate
  4. Fructose 1, 6-phosphate
  5. G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3- Phosphate)

DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate)

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38
Q

What are the molecular stages of glycolysis payoff phase?

A
  1. 1, 3-Biphospho-glycerate
  2. 3-Phospho-Glycerate
  3. 2-Phospho-Glycaerate
  4. Phosphoenol-Pyruvate (PEP)
  5. Pyruvate
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39
Q

What are the enzymatic stages of the glycolysis investment phase?

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphoglyco-isomerase
  3. Phospho-fructokinase
  4. Aldolase
  5. Isomerase
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40
Q

What are the enzymatic stages of the glycolysis payoff phase?

A
  1. Tri-phosphate dehydronase
  2. Phospho-glycerokinase
  3. Phospho- glyceromutase
  4. Enolase
  5. Pyruvate kinase
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41
Q

What is step 1 of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase changes Glucose into Glucose 6-Phosphate

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42
Q

How does Hexokinase change glucose into glucose 6-phosphate?

A

transfers a phosphate group from ATP to glucose

43
Q

How does the charge on the transferred phosphate effect the Glucose molecule?

A

makes it more chemically reactive and traps the sugar in the cell

44
Q

What is step 2 of the glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglyco-isomerase changes Glucose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate

45
Q

What is step 3 of the glycolysis?

A

Phospho-fructokinase changes Fructose 6-Phosphate into Fructose 1, 6-Phosphate

46
Q

In step 3 of glycolysis, where is the phosphate group transferred?

A

The opposite end of the fructose molecule

47
Q

What step in glycolysis is key for regulation?

48
Q

What is step 4 of glycolysis?

A

Aldolase splits Fructose 1, 6-Biphosphate into G3P and DHAP

49
Q

G3P and DHAP are both _______ sugars

50
Q

Of the two products produced in step 4 of glycolysis, which one continues on to the next step?

51
Q

What is step 5 of glycolysis?

A

Conversion between G3P and DHAP

52
Q

Will the reaction between G3P and DHAP ever reach equilibrium?

53
Q

What is step 6 of glycolysis?

A

Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase is used to transform G3P into 1, 3-Biphospho-glycerate

54
Q

NAD+ acts as a ______ agent in step 6

55
Q

G3P is (oxidized/reduced) by the transfer of electrons to NAD+

56
Q

What is the G3P oxidation energy used to do in step 6?

A

attach a phosphate group to the oxidized substrate

57
Q

What is step 7 of glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerokinase transforms 1, 3-Biphospho-Glycerate into 3-Phosphoglycerate

58
Q

What provides the energy for step 7 of glycolysis?

59
Q

What happens to the carbonyl group of G3P is step 7 of glycolysis?

A

It is oxidized into a carboxyl group (COO-) of an organic acid

60
Q

In step 7 of glycolysis, what happens to one of the phosphate groups in 1,3-Biphospho-glycerate?

A

It undergoes substrate level phosphorylation which means that the phosphate group is transferred to ADP producing 1 ATP

61
Q

What is step 8 of glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycomutase transforms 3-phospho-glucerate into 2-phospho-gluterate

62
Q

What is the critical change in step 8 of glycolysis?

A

The phosphate is relocated from the end of the 3 carbon chain to the middle

63
Q

What is step 9 of glycolysis?

A

Enolase converts 2-phospho-glycerate into phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP)

64
Q

What is produced in step 9?

A

water molecules

65
Q

What happens to the structure of the molecule during step 9?

A

Enolase causes a double bond to form in the substrate by extracting a water molecule

66
Q

What is the final step of glycolysis? (step 10)

A

Pyruvate kinase tranforms phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate

67
Q

What happens to the final phosphate group in step 10 of glycolysis?

A

The final phosphate group is transferred from PEP to ADP producing one ATP

68
Q

What is required for the pyruvate to enter the mitochandrion in eukaryotic cells

A

the presence of O2

69
Q

Before the citric acid cycle can begin what must happen to the pyruvate?

A

pyruvate must transform into Acetyl CoA

70
Q

What are the steps required for pyruvate to turn into acetyl CoA?

A
  1. loss of CO2
  2. oxidation of NAD+
  3. Addition of Coenzyme A
71
Q

What is the main difference between the structure of pyruvate and acetyl coA?

A

pyruvate has a 3 carbon backbone and Acetyl CoA has 2

72
Q

What is the first step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA adds it two carbons acetyl group to oxaloacetate (3 carbons) to produce citrate

73
Q

What is step 2 of the citric acid cycle?

A

Citrate is converted to its isomer, isocitrate, by loosing and gaining a water molecule

74
Q

What is step 3 of the citric acid cycle?

A

Isocitrate is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH and losing a CO2 molecule to form alpha-ketoglytarate

75
Q

What is step 4 of the citric acid cycle?

A

Alpha-ketoglytarate loses CO2, a NAD+ is reduced into NADH, and the remaining molecule is attached to coenzyme A by an unstable bond which then forms Succinyl CoA

76
Q

What is step 5 of the citric acid cycle?

A

The Co-enzyme is displaced by a phosphate group

77
Q

What is step 6 of the citric acid cycle?

A

Succinate is oxidized by FADH2

78
Q

What are the inputs/outputs of step 6 of the citric acid cycle?

A

input: FAD
output: FADH2

79
Q

What is step 7 of the citric acid cycle?

A

Fumarate is converted to malate

80
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of step 7 of the citric acid cycle?

A

input: H2O

81
Q

What is step 8 of the Citric acid cycle?

A

Malate is transformed into oxaloacetate

82
Q

How is malate is (oxidized/reduced)?

83
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of step 8 of the citric acid cycle?

A

input- NAD

output- NADH

84
Q

Where is the phosphate group in step 5 of the citric acid cycle placed after its displacement?

A

A GDP molecule forming GTP

85
Q

If ATP is generated in step 5 of the citric acid cycle why is it produced?

A

GTP transfers its phosphate group to ADP and then produces ATP and GDP

86
Q

What is step 6 of the citric acid cycle?

A

Succinate looses two hydrogens and turns into Fumarate

87
Q

Where does Succinate deposit its hydrogens?

A

The hydrogens are transferred from FAD which turns into FADH2

88
Q

In step 6 of the citric acid cycle succinate is (oxidized/reduced)?

89
Q

What is step 7 of the citric acid cycle?

A

Fumarate uses H2O to rearrange its structure into Malate

90
Q

What is step 8 of the citric acid cycle?

A

Malate turns into Oxaloacetate

91
Q

Is malate (oxidized/reduced)?

92
Q

Where are the hydrogen ions transferred in step 8 of the citric acid cycle?

A

To an NAD+ ion

93
Q

How many CO2 molecules are produced in one citric acid cycle?

94
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced in one citric acid cycle?

95
Q

How many H2O molecules are used in the citric acid cycle?

96
Q

How many H2O molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle?

97
Q

How many FADH2 molecules are produced in one citric acid cycle?

98
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A 
2 coenzyme A
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2
1 ATP
99
Q

How many ATP molecules per glucose molecule are produced in the citric acid cycle and glycolysis?

100
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

the inner membrane

101
Q

Electrons move from a (less/more) electronegative electron carrier to a (less/more) electronegative electron carrier

102
Q

What happens as electrons move from a less to more electronegative electron carrier? What is released?

A

Free energy

103
Q

The proteins in the electron transport chain are grouped together in ________________

A

multiprotein complexes

104
Q

What are prothetic groups?

A

nonprotein components such as cofactors and coenzymes

Biology (16 decks)

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