Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards
what do catabolic pathways do?
release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules
The breakdown of organic molecules are ________
exergonic
What does aerobic respiration consume and yield?
consumes: organic molecule + O2
yields: ATP
What is fermentation?
a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
What is anaerobic respiration?
similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 (inorganic molecule, nitrate, sulfate, ferric ions)
What is used to trace cellular respiration
glucose
What catabolic pathways are used in cellular respiration?
aerobic and anaerobic
but typically referred to as a aerobic process
What are the 3 different types of catabolic pathways
- aerobic respiration
- fermentation
- anaerobic respiration
How does transferring electrons during chemical reactions effect energy stored in organic molecules?
The transfer of electrons RELEASES stored energy
What is a redox reaction?
chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
what is oxidation?
when a substance loses electrons
what is reduction?
when a substance gains electrons
What is a reducing agent?
an electron donor
what is an oxidizing agent?
an electron receptor
During cellular respiration glucose is (oxidized/reduced)?
oxidized
During cellular respiration O2 is (oxidized/reduced)?
reduced
The oxidation of C6H12O6 produces _______
6 CO2
The reduction of 6 O2 produces __________
6 H2O
Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to _____
NAD+
NAD+ is a _________
coenzyme
NAD+ _______ electrons
accepts
NAD+ is a __________ agent
oxidizing
What is the reduced form of NAD+?
NADH
NAD+ plus an electron is ________
NADH
What is the structural difference between NAD+ and NADH?
NADH has two hydrogens in its hexagonal structure vs. NAD+ which has 1
NADH passes the electrons to the _________
electron transport chain
What are the 3 stages of harvesting energy from glucose?
- Glycolysis
- Citric Acid
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
Which stage of cellular respiration accounts for the most ATP production?
oxidative phosphorylation
What is oxidative phosphorylation powered by?
redox reactions
In glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what process produces ATP?
substrate level phosphorylation
What transfers a phosphate group from an organic substance to ADP?
Enzymes
What is glycolysis?
The stage of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate
What are the two major phases of glycolysis?
- Energy Investment
2. Energy Payoff
How many ATP are used in the Energy Investment phase of Glycolysis?
2 are used
What is produced in the Energy Payoff Phase of glycolysis?
4 ATP
2 NADH
2 H+
What is the net production of ATP?
2 ATP
What are the molecular stages of glycolysis investment phase?
- Glucose
- Glucose 6-Phoshate
- Fructose 6- Phosphate
- Fructose 1, 6-phosphate
- G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3- Phosphate)
DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate)
What are the molecular stages of glycolysis payoff phase?
- 1, 3-Biphospho-glycerate
- 3-Phospho-Glycerate
- 2-Phospho-Glycaerate
- Phosphoenol-Pyruvate (PEP)
- Pyruvate
What are the enzymatic stages of the glycolysis investment phase?
- Hexokinase
- Phosphoglyco-isomerase
- Phospho-fructokinase
- Aldolase
- Isomerase
What are the enzymatic stages of the glycolysis payoff phase?
- Tri-phosphate dehydronase
- Phospho-glycerokinase
- Phospho- glyceromutase
- Enolase
- Pyruvate kinase
What is step 1 of glycolysis?
Hexokinase changes Glucose into Glucose 6-Phosphate