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Biology > Chapter 5: The structure and Function of Large Biological molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The structure and Function of Large Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

A giant molecule formed formed by the joining of smaller molecules

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2
Q

What is the reaction that typically is responsible for the creation of macromolecules?

A

dehydration reactions

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3
Q

What is a polymer?

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks

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4
Q

What are the building blocks of polymers?

A

monomers

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5
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other w/ the loss of water molecules

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6
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

responsible for the breakdown of polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

include sugars and polymers of sugars

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8
Q

What are the building blocks of carbs?

A

monosaccharides

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9
Q

What is a disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides

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10
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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11
Q

What are the chemical groups included in monosaccharides?

A

Carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups

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12
Q

What is a 3 carbon sugar called?

A

trioses

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13
Q

What is a 5 carbon sugar called?

A

pentose

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14
Q

What is a 6 carbon sugar called?

A

hexoses

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15
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down

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16
Q

What are the bonds in between monosaccharides called?

A

glycosidic linkage

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17
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

multiple monosaccharides

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18
Q

how do plants store polysaccharides?

A

starch

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19
Q

how do animals store polysaccharides?

A

glycogen

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20
Q

What is the simplest form of starch?

A

amylose

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21
Q

Where is cellulose found in plants?

A

their cell walls

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22
Q

What macromolecule has alpha linkages?

A

starch

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23
Q

what macromolecule has beta linkages?

A

cellulose

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24
Q

Humans cannot digest (alpha/beta?) glucose

A

beta

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25
Q

What is chitin (where is it found)?

A

structural starch

makes up exoskeletons and found in fungi

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26
Q

What kind of linkages does chitin have?

A

beta linkages

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27
Q

What are lipids?

A

large biological that mixes poorly

28
Q

What are the two parts of a fat molecule?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

29
Q

What is a long carbon skeleton with a carboxyl group at the end?

A

fatty acid

30
Q

Fats are polar. T or F? Explain

A

F, C-H bonds are non-polar

31
Q

What is the linkage between a fatty acid and a glycerol called?

A

Ester linkage

32
Q

What is the difference between a fat and a triglyceral?

A

nothing

33
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

all carbon in tail are connected via single bonds

34
Q

What state will a saturated fat be in at room temperature?

A

solid

35
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

one or more double bond leads to kink

36
Q

What state will an unsaturated fat be in at room temperature?

A

liquid

37
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

a glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate groups `

38
Q

What is the charge of a phospholipid head and tail?

A

The head is hydrophilic

The tail is hydrophobic

39
Q

What are steroids?

A

lips characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

40
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

steroid that is an essential component of animal cell membranes and a precursor for the synthesis of other biologically important molecules

41
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

42
Q

What its the bond between amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

43
Q

What are the 4 components of an amino acid?

A

Amino acid, carboxyl group, R group, and a asymmetrical carbon

44
Q

What is an amino groups molecular structure?

A

NH2

45
Q

What is a carboxls molecular structure

A

COOH

46
Q

What are globular proteins

A

proteins that are roughly spherical

47
Q

What are fibrous proteins

A

proteins that are shaped like long fibers

48
Q

What does the primary structure of proteins look like?

A

long chain of amino acids

49
Q

What does the secondary structure of proteins look like?

A

regions are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

50
Q

What is an alpha helix?

A

A delicate coil held together between every 4th amino acid

51
Q

What is a beta pleated protein?

A

two or more strands of the proteins are lying side by side and connected by hydrogen bonds

52
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains

53
Q

What is a hydrophobic interaction?

A

caused by exclusion of non polar substances by water molecules

54
Q

What is a disulfide bridge?

A

covalent bonds that reinforce the shape of a protein

55
Q

Where do disulfide bridges form?

A

Where cysteine monomers are bond together

56
Q

What is a proteins structure?

A

association of two or more polypeptides (some proteins only)

57
Q

What is denaturization?

A

if the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or environment is altered the protein will be destroyed

58
Q

What is a gene?

A

discrete unit of inheritance

59
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

60
Q

What are the three main steps of DNA creating protein?

A
  1. Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus
  2. Movement of mRNA into the cytoplasm via nuclear pore
  3. Synthesis of protein using info carried on mRNA
61
Q

What are polynucleotides?

A

macromolecules made up of nucleotides

62
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

pentose sugar+ nitrogenous base + (1-3) phosphate groups

63
Q

What kind of sugar makes up a DNA molecule?

A

deoxyribose

64
Q

What kind of sugar makes up an RNA molecule?

A

ribose

65
Q

What is a genome?

A

the entire genetic make up of an organism

Biology (16 decks)

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