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Chapter 12: Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are nonproductive cells called?

A

somatic

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2
Q

What are reproductive cells called?

A

gamatic cells

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3
Q

How many cells are produced in somatic cell division?

A

2 identical

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are in somatic cells?

A

46

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5
Q

How many cells are in gametes?

A

23

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6
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

chromosome

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7
Q

Each gene is for one __________

A

characteristic

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8
Q

What does chromatin contain?

A

DNA and protein

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9
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

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10
Q

What is a clone?

A

a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

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11
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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12
Q

What method do hydra cells use to reproduce?

A

The budding method

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13
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

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14
Q

What is the 22 chromosome?

A

Autosome

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15
Q

xx =

A

female

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16
Q

xy =

A

male

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17
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

(n + n) has two sets of chromosomes

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18
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

(n) has one set of chromosomes

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19
Q

For humans what is the haploid #?

A

23

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20
Q

What is the chromosome of an unfertilized egg?

A

x

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21
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg that has one set of chromosomes from each parent

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22
Q

What is the division of somatic cells called?

A

mitosis

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23
Q

What is the division of gamete cells called?

A

meiosis

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24
Q

Is a zygote a haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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25
Q

How many stages are there in meiosis?

A

2

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26
Q

What is the stage before meiosis?

A

interphase

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27
Q

What enters meiosis I?

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes in one cell

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28
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

homologous chromosomes separate into haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes

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29
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

sister chromatids separate

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30
Q

What are the 4 parts of meiosis I?

A

prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I and cytokinesis

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31
Q

What is metaphase I?

A

All chromosome pairs are aligned int he center of the cells

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32
Q

In metaphase I, microtubules are attached to what?

A

kinetochore

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33
Q

What is the end product of meiosis I?

A

2 cells containing half of the DNA that the original cell started with

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34
Q

Where is the chiasmata?

A

prophase I

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35
Q

What is a chiasmata?

A

the cross over point os sister chromosomes from mom and dad

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36
Q

What is a synaptonemal complex?

A

The zipper like structure that holds two parent chromosomes together

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37
Q

Is there chiasmata in mitosis?

A

no

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38
Q

Mitosis takes 2n and creates ________

A

2 more cells of 2n

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39
Q

Meiosis takes 2n and creates ________

A

4 n cells

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40
Q

What is the narrow part of a chromosomes called?

A

centromere

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41
Q

CHECK

After duplication in interphase what are chromosomes referred as?

A

sister chromatid

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42
Q

What is cell cycle?

A

Life from being a parent cell to two daughter cells

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43
Q

What are the three major steps in mitosis?

A
  1. replicates its DNA
  2. splits two copies to either side of the cell
  3. entire cells splits in half into two daughter cells
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44
Q

What is a cells genetic information called?

A

genome

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45
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic genome?

A

A prokaryotic cell has a genome of one single stand of DNA while a eukaryotic has multiple

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46
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

tightly packed DNA molecule

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47
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA molecule + associated proteins

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48
Q

When condensed what does chromatin make up?

A

chromosomes

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49
Q

What is a chromosome called after being duplicated?

A

Sister chromatid

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50
Q

What connects sister chromatids?

A

cohesions

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51
Q

What is a centromere?

A

A region made up of repetitive sequences of DNA where the two sister chromatids are most connected

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52
Q

What causes a duplicated chromosome to have a “narrow waist”?

A

condensed DNA caused by bound proteins

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53
Q

What is the portion of the chromatid on either side of the centromere referred to as?

A

the arm of the chromatid

54
Q

Which process of cell division is used to replace damaged cells?

A

mitosis

55
Q

which process of cell division is used to produce gametes?

A

meiosis

56
Q

What is typically the shortest part of the cell cycle?

A

mitotic phase

57
Q

What accounts for 90% of the cell cycle?

A

interphase

58
Q

What are the 3 smaller steps of interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

59
Q

Where does duplication of the chromosomes occur?

A

S phase

60
Q

What are the main purposes of the G1 and G2 phase?

A

to grow the cell

61
Q

Where does the division of the cell actually happen in somatic cells?

A

Mitotic Phase

62
Q

What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase/Cytokinesis
63
Q

What stage do mitotic spindles develop?

A

Prophase

64
Q

What are mitotic spindles made of?

A

microtubules

65
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Regions in animal cells that organize the microtubules of the mitotic spindles?

66
Q

How many centrosomes are there in G2 of Interphase?

A

2

67
Q

Are the chromosomes leaving G2 phase condensed or uncondensed?

A

uncondensed

68
Q

In what stage of mitosis does the mitotic spindle form?

A

Prophase

69
Q

In what stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids condense and match up via cohesions?

A

Prophase

70
Q

What is an Aster?

A

The radial arrays of shorter microtubules that extend from the centrosome

71
Q

What happens to the nucleoli in prophase of mitosis?

A

it disappears

72
Q

What happens to the centromeres in Prophase of mitosis?

A

they move away from each other due to microtubules

73
Q

In what stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope fragment?

A

Prometaphase

74
Q

what does nuclear envelope fragmentation allow in prometaphase?

A

Allows for microtubules extending from the centrosome to invade the nuclear area

75
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

A specialized protein lovcated on the centromere

76
Q

What happens when a microtubules attached to a kinetochore?

A

they are pulled toward the pole that the microtubules extend from

77
Q

What stops the movement of chromosome towards the pole of the microtubules during prometaphase?

A

When another microtubule attaches to the other kinetochore of the sister chromatid

78
Q

What do microtubules do that do not connect to kinetochore?

A

They connect to opposite microtubules, expanding the cell

79
Q

In what stage of mitosis are centrosomes on the opposite side of the cells?

A

Metaphase

80
Q

What is the main event of metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

81
Q

What is metaphase plate/

A

the equator of the cell

82
Q

Where do the chromosomes centromeres lie in metaphase of mitosis?

A

on the metaphase plate

83
Q

What is the shortest stage of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

84
Q

What is the first step of Anaphase in mitosis?

A

cohesion proteins of sister chromatids are cleaved

85
Q

What is the main event of Anaphase?

A

Two sister chromatids are separated into chromosomes and pulled to opposite poles

86
Q

Elongation during anaphase of mitosis is due to what?

A

nonkineuechore microtubules lengthening

87
Q

Why do daughter chromosomes in Anaphase move towards opposite poles?

A

Their kinetochore microtubles shorten

88
Q

If one where to start off with 10 chromosomes, how many would be on EACH pole in Anaphase and how many would there be in total?

A

20 in total

10 on each pole

89
Q

What is the main event of telophase in mitosis?

A

Two separate nucleus are formed.

90
Q

What is the main event of cytokinesis in mitosis?

A

The cell divides into two cells

91
Q

What is a cleavage furrow?

A

In cytokinesis the point at which the cell is pinching in

92
Q

Regarding the cleavage furrow, what is on the cytoplasmic side?

A

actin microfilaments

93
Q

What do actin microfilaments react with that cause the ring to contract?

A

myosin

94
Q

Cleavage furrow is to animals cells as _________ is to plant cells?

A

Cell Plate

95
Q

What is the cell plate made of?

A

vesicles

96
Q

What is binary fission?

A

When a cell grows twice its size and then divides in half

97
Q

What type of reproduction is binary fission?

A

asexual

98
Q

In bacteria, how is DNA carried

A

in a circular DNA molecules and associated proteins

99
Q

What is the origin of replication?

A

specific place on a bacterial chromosome that begins to replicate

100
Q

What are the steps of binary fission?

A
  1. origin replicates
  2. origin moves to opposing sides of the cell
  3. chromosome continues to replicate and cell elongates
  4. proteins cause plasma membrane to pinch in
  5. Cell completely divides
101
Q

What are the sequential events of the cell cycle directed by?

A

Cell cycle control system

102
Q

What is a cell checkpoint?

A

A point of the cell cycle control system that has stop/go signals

103
Q

Where are the 3 important checkpoints of mitosis founds?

A

G1, G2, and M phase

104
Q

What are the two main regulatory proteins of the cell cycle control system?

A

Cdks and cyclins

105
Q

What are protein kinases?

A

Enzymes that activate other proteins via phosphorylation

106
Q

T or F? most protein kinases are in an inactive form?

A

T

107
Q

What must a Cdk attach to activate?

A

cyclin

108
Q

Of the proteins involved in the cell cycle control system, which is held at concentration throughout the growth of the cell?

A

cdk

109
Q

A cyclin + CDK = ?

A

MPF

110
Q

What does MPF stand for?

A

M-Phase Promoting Factor

111
Q

Peaks of MPF correspond to peaks in what?

A

cyclin concentration

112
Q

When are MPF concentrations at their highest in regard to the different stages of mitosis?

A

metaphase

113
Q

What causes MPF to switch off?

A

cyclin is destroyed

114
Q

What is arguable the most important checkpoint in mitosis?

A

The G1 checkpoint

115
Q

What is the non dividing state of a cell called?

A

G0 phase

116
Q

What phase are most cells in our body kept at?

A

G0 phase

117
Q

Anaphase not continuing without ALL kinetochore molecules being connected to microtubules is an example of what kind of signal/

A

internal

118
Q

What is a growth factor?

A

A protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

119
Q

During injury PDGF molecules are released by platelets, detected by receptors on the outside of the plasma membrane, and thus trigger cells to divide. PDGF in this case is an example of what?

A

A growth factor

120
Q

Growth factors are examples of what kind of signal?

A

external

121
Q

What is density-dependent inhibition?

A

The phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing?

122
Q

Why do cells stop dividing when they are touching?

A

Both have receptor for a surface cell protein on other cells

123
Q

What is anchorage dependence?

A

To divide, cells must be attached to a substratum

124
Q

What is the overarching difference between cancer calls and regular cells?

A

Cancer cells have deranged cell cycles

125
Q

What is the term for when a normal cell begins to behave like a cancer cell?

A

transformation

126
Q

Normally, how many times will a cell divide?

A

20-50

127
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

A stagnant tumor

128
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

A tumor that is able to spread to other tissue

129
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The movement of cancerous cells

130
Q

How is a localized tumor treated?

A

High energy radiation

131
Q

How is cancer treated when it has spread?

A

chemotherapy

132
Q

What doe chemotherapy do on a cellular level?

A

Causes cells to stop dividing because block the creation of mitotic spindle

Biology (16 decks)

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