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Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a light microscope (LM)?

A

lenses bend light to magnify images of specimens

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2
Q

What is an electron microscope (EM)?

A

uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through specimen

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3
Q

How many times greater is the magnification of the EM compared to the LM?

A

100 times greater

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4
Q

What is a TEM microscope used to study?

A

the internal structure of thin section of cells

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5
Q

What is a SEM microscope used to study?

A

fine details of cell surface

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6
Q

What is magnification?

A

the ratio of an objects image size to its real size

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7
Q

What is resolution?

A

the measure of the clarity of the image

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8
Q

What is contrast?

A

the difference in brightness between light and dark areas

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9
Q

Staining is a method used to increase what?

A

contrast

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10
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

taking apart a cell and diving it into it sub cellular parts (organelles)

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11
Q

What device is used in cell fractionation?

A

centrifuge

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12
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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13
Q

What are the 2 sub groups of prokaryotes?

A

archea and bacteria

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14
Q

What are the 4 subgroups of eukaryotes?

A

anamilia
plantae
fungi
protists

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15
Q

Where is DNA concentrated in prokaryotic cells?

A

an area called the nucleiod

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16
Q

Where is DNA concentrated in eukaryotic cells?

A

the nucleus

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17
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have cell membranes?

A

yes

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18
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have cytosol?

A

yes

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19
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have nuclear membranes?

A

no

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20
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have chromosomes?

A

yes

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21
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have organelles?

A

no

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22
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have ribosomes?

A

yes

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23
Q

T or F? Cellular metabolism sets the limit for the cells size

A

T

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24
Q

What surrounds the different regions of a prokaryotic cell?

A

proteins

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25
Q

Prokaryotic cells are usually smaller. T of F?

A

T

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26
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

selective barrier that allows passage of goods and waste in the cell

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27
Q

Cells that need more surface area will tend to have what cellular structure?

A

microvilli

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28
Q

Where are most the genes in a eukaryotic cell found?

A

in the nucleus

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29
Q

What encloses the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope

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30
Q

Does the nuclear envelope have a double membrane?

A

yes

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31
Q

What is a pore complex?

A

proteins around the nuclear envelope pores that regulates what can come in an out

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32
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

a group of protein filaments that help maintain the shape of the nucleus

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33
Q

Nucleolus is found in dividing or non dividing cells?

A

non dividing

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34
Q

What is the nucleolus made of?

A

granules and fibers

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35
Q

Where is RNA produced?

A

the nucleolus

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36
Q

What are the two subunits of ribosomes?

A

RNA + proteins

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37
Q

what translates mRNAs message into primary structure of polypeptide?

A

ribosome

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38
Q

Cells with higher rates of protein synthesis have high or low concentrations of ribosomes?

A

high

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39
Q

What is the specific name for ribosomes found in the cytoplasm?

A

free ribosomes

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40
Q

What is the specific name for ribosomes found attached to the ER and nuclear membrane?

A

bound

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41
Q

Bound ribosomes always stay attached to either the ER or the nuclear membrane. T or F?

A

F, bound ribosomes are interchangeable with free ribosomes

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42
Q

Starting with the nuclear membrane and ending with the plasma membrane what are the organelle steps of the end-membrane?

A
  1. nuclear membrane
  2. ER
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Lysosome
  5. Vesicles and vacuoles
  6. Plasma membrane
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43
Q

What is the function of the endomembrane?

A

to synthesis proteins, transport proteins, metabolize and move lipids, and detox poisons

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44
Q

What are vesicles?

A

secs made of membrane that specialize in transport

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45
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

large network of membranes

46
Q

What are the membrane tubules and sacs called of the ER?

A

asternae

47
Q

What is the internal compartment of the ER called?

A

ER lumen

48
Q

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

A
  1. synthesis of lipids
  2. metabolism of carbs
  3. detox of drugs and poisons
  4. storage of calcium ions
49
Q

What functional group is added to drugs to make them easier to flush?

A

hydroxyl group

50
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

proteins with carbs covalently bonded

51
Q

What is the specializes region that is responsible for vesicles budding from the ER?

A

transitional ER

52
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

warehouse for receiving, sorting, and shipping

53
Q

What are the flat membrane sacs of the Golgi apparatus called?

A

cisternae

54
Q

What is the shipping side of the Golgi apparatus called?

A

transface

55
Q

What is the receiving side of the Golgi apparatus called?

A

cisface

56
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

membranous sacs that are often responsible for digestion

57
Q

Lysosomal enzymes work best in basic, acidic, or nuetral environments

A

acidic

58
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

lysosomes digest materials

59
Q

What is autophagy?

A

lysosomes recycle intracellular materials

60
Q

What is a vacuole in general?

A

large vesicle

61
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

site of cellular respiration

62
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

organelles responsible for photosynthesis

63
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory

A

the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts oriented from prokaryotic cells that happened to be engulfed

64
Q

Where is mitochondria DNA found?

A

the matrix

65
Q

What are the layers of a mitochondria starting from the outside?

A

outermembrane, inner membrane space, the inner membrane, and the matrix

66
Q

What are the folds of the mitochandria called?

A

cristae

67
Q

Where are the enzymes for the citric acid cycle found?

A

in the matrix

68
Q

Where are the small holes on the outside of the mitochondria called?

A

porins

69
Q

Where is ATP synthase found?

A

in the inner membrane

70
Q

Stacks of thylakoids are called what?

A

grana

71
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Dense fluid within within the inner membrane

72
Q

What is a granum?

A

A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids

73
Q

What are lamella?

A

connector between grana

74
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

an organelle that carries enzymes to degrade material

75
Q

What is glyoxysome

A

specialized peroxisome found in fat storing tissue of plant that helps initiate fatty acids being turned into sugar

76
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments and proteins that extend throughout the cytoplasm

77
Q

What are microtubules?

A

hollow rod composed of tubular proteins

78
Q

What are flagella and cilia made of?

A

microtubules

79
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

a cable like structure made of actin filaments

80
Q

Which type of filament when acting with myosin causes cell contractions?

A

microfilaments

81
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

fibrous proteins coiled into cables made out of keratin

82
Q

Organize the different filaments by increasing size

A

micro, intermediate, microtubules

83
Q

What is the subunit of microtubules?

A

alpha and beta tubulin dimers

84
Q

What is the subunit of microfilaments?

A

actin

85
Q

What type of filament do motor proteins “walk” on?

A

microtubules

86
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

a pair of centrioles (made up of microtubules)

87
Q

What do flagella specialize in?

A

locomotion

88
Q

What do motile cilia specialize in?

A

locomotion and moving fluid past the cell

89
Q

What do primary cilium specialize in?

A

sensory and signaling

90
Q

What is the microtubule arrangement of flagella?

A

9 + 2

91
Q

What is the microtubule arrangement of motile cilium?

A

9 + 2

92
Q

What is the microtubule arrangement of primary cilium?

A

9 + 0

93
Q

What are dyneins

A

the motor proteins of a microtubule

94
Q

In the 9 + 2 arrangement how many tubulin are there per group in the outer circumference?

A

2

95
Q

In the 9 + 0 arrangement how many tubulin are there per group in the outer circumference?

A

3

96
Q

What is the basal body?

A

where the flagella is attached

97
Q

What type of protein is actin?

A

globular

98
Q

What is an actin filament?

A

twisted double chain of actin subunits

99
Q

What do you call the microfilaments inside the plasma membrane?

A

cortical membrane

100
Q

What is psuedopia?

A

a cellular extension involved in phagocytosis

101
Q

Is the cytoplasm held in place like jelly?

A

no, moves around helping contents also move

102
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

a protective layer external to the plasma membrane

103
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

polysaccharides such as cellulose

104
Q

What is a plasmodesmata?

A

an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

105
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

the meshwork surrounding animal cells that consists of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans

106
Q

What is a fibronectin?

A

attaches to ECM to intergrins embedded in the plasma membrane

107
Q

What are proteoglycan complexes?

A

hundreds of proteogycan molecules attached to single polysaccharide molecules

108
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

plasma membranes of neighboring cells tightly pressed against each other

109
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

rivets, hold cells together using anchors made of keratin protein and intermediate filaments

110
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

channels between cells that selectively allow

111
Q

What is a filopodium

A

the extension of microphage that engulfs the bacteria

Biology (16 decks)

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