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Biology > Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

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2
Q

What are the two different types of pathways for metabolic processes?

A

catabolic and anabolic pathways

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3
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

begins with a specific molecule which is then altered into a certain product through a series of defined steps

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4
Q

What is each step of a metabolic pathway catalyzed by?

A

A specific enzyme

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5
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

break down pathways

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6
Q

What is a anabolic pathway?

A

biosynthetic pathways

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7
Q

The process of turning complex molecules into simple compounds is known as what?

A

catabolic pathways

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8
Q

What is the opposite of a catabolic pathway?

A

Anabolic pathway

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9
Q

What are bioenergetics?

A

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

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10
Q

What is energy defined as?

A

the capacity to cause change

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11
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

the energy associated with relative motion of objects

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12
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms/molecuels

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13
Q

What is heat defined as?

A

thermal energy IN TRANSFERfrom one object to another

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14
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy that is not kinetic. Is due to its specific location/structure

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15
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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16
Q

Glucose is high in ______ energy

A

chemical

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17
Q

what are thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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18
Q

How are collection of matter denoted?

A

systems and their surrounding

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19
Q

What is an isolated system

A

unable to exchange either energy or matter with its surroundings

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20
Q

What is an open system?

A

Can exchange energy/matter w/ surroundings

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21
Q

Are organisms open or closed systems?

A

open

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22
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

conservation of energy

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23
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer/transformation increases the disorder (entropy) of the universe

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24
Q

What is entropy?

A

a measure of molecular disorder/randomness

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25
Q

What is spontaneous process?

A

A process that is energetically favorable?

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26
Q

Living systems ______ the entropy of their surroundings

A

increase

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27
Q

(Cells/Organisms) create ordered structures from less organized molecules

A

Cells

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28
Q

Depletion of chemical energy will lead to what?

A

Will increase heat

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29
Q

What is free energy?

A

the portion of a systems energy that can perform work

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30
Q

What is critical for free energy?

A

temperature and pressure must be uniform through out

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31
Q

What is the equation for free energy (G)?

A

change in G= change in H (enthalpy) - T(change in entropy)

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32
Q

Enthalpy in biological systems is equivalent to what?

A

total energy

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33
Q

Every spontaneous process ______ the systems free energy

A

decreases

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34
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

(Energy outward) A net release of free energy.

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35
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

a reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings

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36
Q

What kind of reaction stores free energy in molecules?

A

endergonic reactions

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37
Q

When change in energy is negative a ______ reaction is occurring

A

exergonic

38
Q

What are the three different kinds of work a cell does?

A
  1. chemical
  2. transport
  3. mechanical
39
Q

What is chemical work?

A

the pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously

40
Q

What is transport work?

A

the pumping of substances across membranes against direction of spontaneous movement

41
Q

what is mechanical work?

A

such as the beating of cilia, muscle contractions, ect.

42
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

the use of exergonic process to drive endergonic process

43
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A

Adenine
Ribose
Triphosphate Group

44
Q

As ATP loses phosphate groups what happens to free energy?

A

higher free energy

45
Q

ATP to ADP is a ________ reaction.

A

Exogonic

46
Q

Products have a (low/high) energy compared to the reactants

A

low

47
Q

chemical work uses ________ energy to perform endergonic reactions

A

exergonic

48
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule

49
Q

Phosphate groups are ________ bonded

A

covalently

50
Q

Two reactions are coupled when the energy needed to complete the endergonic reaction is _____ than the energy released by ATP

A

less

51
Q

ATP hydrolysis is a great example of _______ _________

A

Energy coupling

52
Q

What is the benefit of energy coupling regarding endergonic and exergonic reactions

A

energy coupling allows endergonic reactions to be coupled with exergonic reactions that result in a net exergonic reaction

53
Q

What type of reaction will occur spontaneously

A

exergonic

54
Q

What are the effects of a phosphorylated intermediate?

A

makes the compound less stable and increases free energy

55
Q

What is the process of turning glutamic acid into glutamine

A
  1. ATP phosphorylates Glu into a phosphorylated intermediate
  2. ammonia displaces phosphate group by forming glutamine
56
Q

What is transport and mechanical work powered by?

A

ATP hydrolysis

57
Q

What is transport work?

A

ATP phosphorylates transport proteins

58
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

ATP binds non-covalently to motor proteins and is then hydrolyzed

59
Q

Energy released by _______ add phosphate to ADP to form ATP and a H2O molecule

A

catabolism

60
Q

The breakdown of ATP into ADP and a phosphate group produces energy used for ___________

A

cellular work

61
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction w/o being consumed by the reaction

62
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst

63
Q

Most the time an enzyme is what kind of macromolecule?

A

protein

64
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

65
Q

Activation energy is often supplied in the form of ______ energy

A

thermal

66
Q

What is a transition state?

A

when molecules have absorbed enough energy for their bonds to break

67
Q

How does a transition state affect reactants?

A

puts them in an unstable state

68
Q

How do enzymes catalyze reactions

A

by lowering the EA barrier

69
Q

What is the relationship between Enzymes and change in free energy

A

Enzymes do not change free energy they simply speed up the reaction

70
Q

substrate

A

the reactant that an enzyme acts on

71
Q

enzyme substrate complex

A

enzyme and substrate bonded together

72
Q

What is an active site

A

the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

73
Q

What are the 4 ways that an active site can lower an EA barrier?

A
  1. orienting substrates correctly
  2. straining substrate bonds
  3. providing a favorable microenvironment
  4. covalently bonding to the substrate
74
Q

What is the catalytic cycle of an enzyme ?

A
  1. substrates enter active cite
  2. enzyme-substrate complex
  3. substrates are converted to products
  4. products are released
  5. active site is available for new substrates
75
Q

What effects enzyme activity?

A
  1. environmental factors

2. chemicals that specifically influence enzymes

76
Q

What are cofactors?

A

non protein enzyme helpers

77
Q

What is a coenzyme ?

A

an organic cofactor

78
Q

What do competitive inhibitors do?

A

bind to the active site on an enzyme, competing with the substrate

79
Q

What do noncompetitive inhibitors do?

A

bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change shape

80
Q

What are the effects of noncompetitive inhibitors?

A

they make the active site less effective

81
Q

What is an allosteric regulation?

A

when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein on one site and affects the protein’s function at another site

82
Q

What are the effects of an allosteric reaction?

A

either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

83
Q

What are most allosterically regulated enzymes made from?

A

polypeptide subunits

84
Q

The binding of an activator stabilizes what?

A

the active form of the enzyme

85
Q

The binding of an inhibitor stabilizes the what?

A

inactive form of the enzyme

86
Q

What is cooperatively?

A

a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

87
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

the end product of metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

88
Q

What does feedback inhibition help prevent?

A

prevents the cell from wasting valuable chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed

89
Q

T or F? some enzymes reside in specific organelles

A

T

90
Q

T or F? some enzymes act as structural components of membranes

A

T

Biology (16 decks)

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