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Biology > Chapter 10: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

the producers of the biosphere

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2
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

the consumers of the biosphere

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3
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

organisms that use light energy to make organic substances

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4
Q

What are the 5 different types of photoautotrophs?

A
  1. plants
  2. cyanobacteria
  3. purple sulfer bacteria
  4. unicellular bacteria
  5. multicellular algae
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5
Q

What stage of photosynthesis captures solar energy and transforms it into chemical energy?

A

The light reactions

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6
Q

what stage of photosynthesis uses that chemical energy to make the organic molecules of food?

A

the Calvin cycle

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7
Q

How would you identify which parts of the plant have chloroplasts?

A

they are green

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8
Q

For most plants, what part of their anatomy is a major site of photosynthesis?

A

their leaves

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9
Q

What is the mesophyll?

A

the tissue in the interior of the leaf where chloroplasts can be found

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10
Q

What is the stomata?

A

tiny pores in the leaf where CO2 enters and oxygen exists

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11
Q

How many chloroplasts does a typical mesophyll cell have?

A

30-40

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12
Q

What is the stroma?

A

a dense fluid inside the chloroplast surrounded by two membranes.

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13
Q

What are thakaloids?

A

sacs inside the stroma

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14
Q

What is the inside of a thakaloid called?

A

the thakaloid space

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15
Q

When thakaloids are stacked what are they called?

A

grana

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16
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

the green pigment that gives leaves their color

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17
Q

Where is chlorophyll located?

A

in the membrane of the thakaloid

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18
Q

What drives the synthesis of organic molecules in the chloroplast?

A

light energy absorbed by chlorophyll

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19
Q

What is the most complete equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 and 6 H2O

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20
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis that shows the net consumption of water?

A

6 CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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21
Q

What is the empirical formula for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O –> [CH2O] + O2

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22
Q

What reactant is reduced in photosynthesis? What is its product?

A

CO2 turns into C6H12O6

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23
Q

What reactant is oxidized in photosynthesis? What is its product?

A

H2O turns into O2 (remember all the non sense about the scientist)

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24
Q

What happens to the potential energy of the electrons as the move from water to sugar?

A

They increase in potential energy

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25
Q

What is required to increase potential energy of electrons?

A

An input of energy

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26
Q

Is the process of moving electrons from water to sugar exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic

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27
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

The light reactions and the Calvin Cycle

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28
Q

When water is split in photosynthesis what does it provide?

A

Electrons
Hydrogen ions (H+)
and a bi-product of O2

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29
Q

Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from water to an acceptor. What is this acceptor called?

A

NADP+

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30
Q

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADP+

A

NADP+ has an extra phosphate group

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31
Q

What is the reduced form of NAD+ ?

A

NADPH

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32
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

When light reactions create ATP by using chemiosmosis to add a P to an ADP

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33
Q

Light reactions produce sugar. T or F?

A

F

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34
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

The initial step of the Calvin cycle in which CO2 is incorporated into present organic compounds

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35
Q

The Calvin cycle reduces fixed carbons into what?

A

Carbohydrates

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36
Q

Where does the reducing power come from to reduce fixed carbons into carbohydrates?

A

NADHP

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37
Q

Where did NADHP in the Calvin cycle get its electrons

A

From the light reactions cycle

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38
Q

What are the CELLULAR inputs and outputs of the light reactions stage?

A

Input: light energy and H2O
Output: O2

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39
Q

What are the CELLULAR inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?

A

Input: CO2
Output: CH2O (sugar)

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40
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

The stroma

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41
Q

Where does the light reactions cycle take place?

A

The thakaloid membrane

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42
Q

What does the light reactions stage of photosynthesis provide for the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

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43
Q

What does the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis provide for the light reactions?

A

ADP and Phosphate groups

NADP+

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44
Q

What does the Calvin cycle require to convert CO2 into carbohydrates?

A

chemical energy in the form of ATP

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45
Q

Does the Calvin cycle require light directly?

A

no

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46
Q

Where do NADP+ and ADP pick up electrons and phosphate?

A

On the outside of the thakaloids

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47
Q

Light is a form of energy known as _______________

A

electromagnetic energy

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48
Q

Dropping a pebble in a pond is to disturbances of a material medium as electromagnetic waves are to disturbances of?

A

electric and magnetic fields

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49
Q

What is the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves called?

A

Wavelength

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50
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

the entire range of radiation

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51
Q

What is the range of visible light?

A

380nm to 750 nm in wavelength

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52
Q

What are photons?

A

photons are not tangible particles but they act like objects in that each of them has a fixed amount of energy

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53
Q

What happens to the energy of a photon as wavelength increases?

A

it decreases

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54
Q

List the colors by order of wavelength

A 
Purple
Blue 
Green 
Yellow 
Orange 
Red
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55
Q

Which has a higher energy level purple or red?

A

purple

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56
Q

What radiation drives photosynthesis?

A

visible light

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57
Q

What are the three outcomes of light meeting matter?

A

1, absorbed

  1. reflected
  2. trasmitted
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58
Q

What are pigments?

A

substances that absorb visual light

59
Q

Pigments are specific to _____

A

wavelength

60
Q

What colors does chlorophyll absorb?

A

violet-blue and red

61
Q

Why does chlorophyll appear green?

A

it is being transmitted/reflected

62
Q

What is chlorophyll a

A

the key light-capturing pigments that participates directly in the light reactions

63
Q

What is chlorophyll b

A

the accessory pigment

64
Q

What are the three different pigments in chloroplasts and which of the two are accessory?

A
  1. chlorophyll a
  2. chlorophyll b
  3. carotenoids
65
Q

What light works best for photosynthesis? and what are their ranges?

A

violet light blue (450 ish)

red (700-750)

66
Q

What us an action spectrum?

A

the way we test which wavelengths of radiation are most effective

67
Q

the action spectrum for photosynthesis is much broader than the absorption spectrum for chlorophyl a. Why?

A

With the help of the accessory pigments, chlorophyl b and carotenoids, the light than can be absorbed become less restricted

68
Q

What is the structural difference between chlorophyl a and b

A

chlorophyl b includes CHO where chlorophyll a includes CH3

69
Q

What colors do carotenoids absorb?

A

violet and blue green light

70
Q

What color are carotenoids?

A

various shades of yellow and orange

71
Q

What color are chlorophyl b?

A

olive

72
Q

What type of molecule are carotenoids

A

hydrocarbons

73
Q

Besides aiding in broadening the spectrum of light used in photosynthesis, what else do carotenoids do?

A

They protect the cell from excessive light that would possibly damage the cell and react with oxygen

74
Q

What happens when a molecule absorbs a photon of light?

A

It excites and electron out to a higher orbital increasing its potential energy

75
Q

What must be the case for a photon to be absorbed by a compound?

A

The energy of the photon must be exactly the same as the difference in energy between the excited and ground state of that specific electron

76
Q

An electron cannot stay excited for long, meaning that in a billionth a second the electron will drop back down to ground state. What will this produce?

A

heat

77
Q

What causes light energy to be changed into heat?

A

light energy excited an electron pushing it to a higher potential energy state and then the electron drops back down releasing this gained energy as heat

78
Q

What are the components of photosystems?

A

chlorophyll molecules, organic molecules, and proteins

79
Q

Where are photosystems located?

A

in the thakaloid membrane

80
Q

What is the central complex of a photosystem?

A

a reaction center complex

81
Q

What several smaller complexes surround the reaction center complex of a photosystem?

A

light-harvesting complexes

82
Q

What are the two critical components of a reaction center complex of a photosystem?

A

special pair of chlorophyll a molecules

primary electron acceptor

83
Q

What holds together the reaction center complex of a photosystem?

A

proteins

84
Q

What are light harvesting complexes in photosystems made of?

A

chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids bound to proteins

85
Q

What a pigment molecule absorbs a photon in the light harvesting complex what happens?

A

The electron pops out, then on its way back to a ground state it releases energy that excites the pigment molecule next to it until it passes to the special pair of chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center

86
Q

Why are their of chlorophyll a molecules special?

A

They can use the energy to boost one of their electrons but they can also transfer it to a different molecule

87
Q

Where is the excited electron of the special chlorophyl molecules transferred?

A

To the primary electron acceptor

88
Q

What is the primary electron acceptor?

A

a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced

89
Q

Why is the potential energy represented by the excited electron not dissipated as light and heat?

A

There is a primary electron acceptor readily available to be reduced

90
Q

What are the two types of photosystems in the thakaloid membrane?

A

Photosystem I and Photosystem II

91
Q

Which photosystem functions first in light reactions?

A

PSII

92
Q

What is the reaction center chlorophyll a of PS II known as?

A

P680 (red)

93
Q

What is the reaction center chlorophyll a of PS I known as?

A

P700 (far red)

94
Q

What causes the difference between P680 and P700?

A

Their relationship with the proteins around them

95
Q

What is the linear electron flow?

A

the flow of electron through he photosystems and other molecular components built into the thakaloid membranes

96
Q

Where does linear electron flow occur?

A

In light reactions of photosynthesis

97
Q

What is the first step of linear electron flow?

A

A photon excites the pigment molecules in the light harvesting complex of PS II which causes a chain reaction of excited pigment molecules leading all the way to the P680

98
Q

What is step 2 of the linear electron flow?

A

P680 loses its electron instantly to the primary electron acceptor

99
Q

What its step 3 of the linear electron flow?

A

An enzyme catalyzes the splitting of a H2O

100
Q

Where does the oxygen go in step 3 of the electron flow?

A

binds with another oxygen to form O2

101
Q

Where do the two electrons go in step 3 of the electron flow

A

The electrons are supplied back to P680

102
Q

Where do the hydrogen atoms go in step 3 of the electron flow?

A

they are released into the thakaloid space

103
Q

What is step 4 of the linear electron flow?

A

Photoexcited electrons are passes from PSII to PSI via an electron transport chain

104
Q

What are the three components of the electron transport chain from PSII to PSI

A
  1. PQ (plastoquinone)
  2. A Cytochrome complex
  3. PC (plastocyanin)
105
Q

What happens as electrons work heir way down the electron transport chain?

A

free energy is released that is used to pump H+ ions into the thakaloid space

106
Q

How is ATP produced in light reactions?

A

through chemiosmosis

107
Q

What is step 5 of the linear electron flow?

A

The potential energy stored in the pH gradient is used to produce ATP

108
Q

What is step 6 of the linear electron flow?

A

The electron being moved down the electron chain replace the electron of P700 that was recently excited by light harvesting complex pigments in PSI

109
Q

What is step 7 of the linear electron flow?

A

Photoexcited electrons in PSI are passed down a second electron chain

110
Q

What makes up the second electron chain of photosynthesis?

A

Fd (Ferradoxin)

and the enzyme NADP+ reductase

111
Q

Does the second electron chain produce add to the electrochemical gradient?

A

no

112
Q

What is step 8 of the linear electron flow

A

The enzyme NADP+reductase uses the electrons being passes to it by Ferrodoxin to turn into NADHP

113
Q

Why is it beneficial for the electrons to be held in NADHP?

A

They are at a higher energy level then they were in water

114
Q

What is a cyclic electron flow?

A

A flow of electrons that utilizes photosystem I but not photosystem II

115
Q

Where is the starting point of cyclic electron flow?

A

The cytochrome complex of the first electron transport chain

116
Q

What is different about the products of cyclic electron flow compared to linear electron flow?

A

cyclic electron flow does not produce oxygen or NADPH, but does produce ATP

117
Q

Electron transport chains transform redox reaction to what?

A

proton-motive force

118
Q

Where do the high-energy electrons dropped down the electron transport chain come from in chloroplasts?

A

water

119
Q

What happens to the pH of the thylakoid space when chloroplasts are illuminated?

A

the pH in the thylakoid drops to about 5 (increases in H+ ion)

120
Q

What happens to the pH in the stroma when the chloroplasts are illuminated?

A

the pH in the stroma increases to about 8 (decrease in H+ ions)

121
Q

Is the Calvin cycle catabolic or anabolic?

A

anabolic

122
Q

How does carbon enter and leave the Calvin cycle?

A

enters as CO2

leaves as sugar

123
Q

What is the sugar produced by the Calvin cycle/ the starting point of the carbon cycle?

A

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

124
Q

For the net synthesis of one molecule of G3P, how many times must the cycle take place?

A

3

125
Q

How many molecules of CO2 must be used in order to produce 1 net G3P?

A

3

126
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction
  3. regeneration
127
Q

What does the term carbon fixation refer to?

A

the initial incorporation of CO2 into an organic molecule

128
Q

What are the steps of phase 1 (carbon fixation) of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 is attached to RuBP with the help of the enzyme rubisco to produce a six carbon intermediate that almost instantly turns into 2 separate 3 carbon structures

129
Q

What are the 3 carbon structures produced in the phase of carbon fixation?

A

3-phosphoglycerate

130
Q

What is the first step of phase 2 (reduction) of photosynthesis?

A

3-phosphoglycerate receives an additional phosphate group and becomes 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate.

131
Q

What is the second step of phase 2 (reduction) of photosynthesis?

A

1, 3-biphosphoglycerate is reduced by NADHP into glyceral-dehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

132
Q

In the second step of phase 2 of photosynthesis what looses electrons?

A

Both 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate and NADHP loose their electrons

133
Q

How do the electrons from NADHP effect the carboyxl group on 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

A

It reduces into the aldehyde group of G3P

134
Q

Does aldehyde or carboxyl have higher potential energy?

A

the aldehyde group

135
Q

For every three molecules of CO2 that enter the cycle there are ____ molecules of G3P formed.

A

6

136
Q

How many carbons start the cycle?

A

15

137
Q

How many carbons end phase 2 (reduction)?

A

18

138
Q

What is the last phase of the Calvin cycle?

A

regeneration

139
Q

What happens in the last phase of the Calvin cycle?

A

G3P is rearranged into RuBP

140
Q

How many molecules of G3P are at the start of regeneration?

A

5

141
Q

How many molecules of RuBP are produced by 5 molecules of G3P?

A

3

142
Q

How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are produced by the net synthesis of one G3P?

A

9 ATP

6 NADPH

143
Q

What is the input of the Calvin cycle?

A

CO2

144
Q

What is the output of the Calvin cycle?

A

1 G3P molecule

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