Chapter 14 Flashcards
What is complete dominance?
when the dominant allele completely covers up the recessive allele
What would be an example of incomplete dominance with red and white flowers?
pink flower offspring
On the surface of the blood cell we have ________
antigens
Antigens are a form of what macromolecule?
carbohydrate
What is the difference between A and B blood types?
the specific carbohydrate on the outside
Using blood types what is an example of codominance?
AB blood type
What is the recessive type of blood?
O type
What is Tay-Sachs disease?
a fatal disease that causes build up of lipids in the brain
What are the three alleles for blood types?
IA, IB, and i
What is pleiotropy?
one gene effects multiple phenotypic characteristics
Genetics can be effected by the environment. T or F?
T
What is a pedigree?
A family tree
What is a carrier?
heterozygous individuals that do not show the characteristic
What will be the outcome of heterozygous sickle-cell trait?
50% normal and 50% sickle cell
What will be the outcome of homozygous sickle-cell trait?
sickle cell blood cells
What is Huntington disease?
A breakdown of nerve cell in the brain
What is amniocentesis?
a biochemical and genetic test that uses amniotic fluid
What is chronic villus sampling (CVS)?
a biochemical and genetic test that uses a piece of the placenta
What is character?
a heritable feature that varies among species (eg. seed color)
What is a trait?
A variant of character (eg. purple or white flower color)
What is true breeding
cross between homozygous parents
What is hybridization?
The cross between two true breeds
How does model organize the generations?
P generation, F1 generation, and F2 generation
Using Mendel’s flowers, what is law of segregation?
Purple and White flowers produce EITHER purple or white flowers, they do not mix to produce light purple flowers
What are alleles
alternative versions of a gene
What is the law of segregation?
alleles for the same character separate during gamete formation (end up in different gametes)
What is a homozygote
An organism that has identical pairs of alleles
What is a heterozygote
An organism that has two different alleles for a gene
What is a phenotype
Observable traits
What is a genotype?
the genetic make up
Using P as the variable what is test cross?
PX and pp
What is a monohybrid?
heterozygous for one specific character following the cross of two true breeds
What is a monohybrid cross?
The crossing between heterozygous monohybrids
What are dihybrids?
individuals that are heterozygous for the two character being followed in the cross
What is the law of independent assortment?
each pair of alleles segregate independently of any other pair during gamete formation
What is the phenotypic ration for independent assortment?
9:3:3:1
What is incomplete dominance?
neither allele is completely dominant, phenotype is somewhere in-between both
What is codominance?
two alleles affect the phenotype in separate ways
What is an example of pleiotropy regarding the flowers?
Gene for flower color also affects seed color
What is epistasis?
When one gene affects the results of another
What is an example of epistasis?
Black, brown, or yellow labs
What is polygenetic inheritance?
the additive affect of multiple genes onto one phenotype
What is are examples of polygenetic inheritance called?
quantitative characters
