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Chapter 13: Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is heredity?

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

What is the difference between inheritance and heredity?

A

nothing

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3
Q

What are the units of heredity?

A

genes

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4
Q

What is DNA?

A

A polymer of 4 nucleotides

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5
Q

A certain combo of nucleotides = ?

A

A gene

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6
Q

What are the vehicles for fertilization?

A

Gametes

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7
Q

T or F? All species have the same # of chromosomes?

A

F

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8
Q

What is a locus

A

A genes specific location on the chromosome

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9
Q

What is a sexual reproduction?

A

a single individual produces two genetically identical offspring w/o fusion of gametes

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10
Q

What is a clone

A

a group of genetically identical individuals

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11
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

to parents give rise to offspring with mixed DNA from both parents

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12
Q

How many chromosomes does a somatic cell have?

A

46

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13
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete have?

A

23

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14
Q

If one were to take images of all chromosomes and arrange them in pairs by length this would be called a _____?

A

karyotype

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15
Q

What are homologous chromosomes in meiosis?

A

corresponding sets of sister chromatids

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16
Q

How may pairs of autosomes does a somatic cell have?

A

22

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17
Q

What is an autosome?

A

not sex chromosomes

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18
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with two full sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with one chromosome set

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20
Q

What do you call a chromosome that has been duplicated?

A

2 sister chromatids

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21
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of gametes

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22
Q

What is a fertilized egg referred to as?

A

A zygote

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23
Q

Is a zygote haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

24
Q

Meiosis is responsable for the creation of what type of cells?

A

gametes

25
Q

What are the cells that initially start the process of meiosis to produce gametes?

A

germ cells

26
Q

What is alternation of generation

A

includes both diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular

27
Q

What organism uses alternation of generations?

A

Plants and some algae

28
Q

Only diploid cells can divide by mitosis. T or F?

A

F

29
Q

Only diploid cell can divide by meiosis. T or F?

A

T

30
Q

Meiosis results in how many daughter cells?

A

4

31
Q

What is the end product of meiosis I of meiosis?

A

two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes

32
Q

What is the end products of meiosis II?

A

Haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes

33
Q

Sister chromosomes make up one ________ _________

A

duplicated chromosomes

34
Q

What are the differences between homologous chromosomes?

A

one is paternal and one is maternal

35
Q

Homologous pairs differentiate depending on the alleles at certain loci. T or F?

A

T

36
Q

What is the basic goal of meiosis I?

A

to separate homologous chromosomes

37
Q

what are the phases of meiosis I?

A

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase and Cytokinesis I

38
Q

What stage does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I

39
Q

What happens in prophase I?

A

Duplicated homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their DNA

40
Q

What is the chiasmata?

A

the point where crossing over occurs

41
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

chromosomes line up by homologous pairs

42
Q

What happens in anaphase I?

A

the two homologous chromosomes of each pair separate

43
Q

What happens in telophase I and cytokinesis?

A

two haploid cells form; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids

44
Q

T or F? During metaphase a kinetochore molecule attaches microtubules to both chromatids of one homolog

A

T

45
Q

In anaphase I are the sister chromatids still attached?

A

yes

46
Q

T or F? Chromosome duplication occurs in-between meiosis I and meiosis II.

A

F

47
Q

In what phase(s) do spindle apparatus form?

A

Prophase I and II

48
Q

How are chromosomes or sister chromatids moved to metaphase plate?

A

via microtubules

49
Q

What happens in metaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate

50
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart after an enzyme breaks down the cohesion

51
Q

In what stage do nucleoli form in meiosis?

A

telophase II

52
Q

If one were to start meiosis with 4 chromosomes in one cell, how many chromosomes would be in each daughter cell and how many cells would there be?

A

In total you would have 8 chromosomes

In each haploid cell you would have 2

53
Q

Crossing over occurs between what two chromatids?

A

non sister paternal and maternal

54
Q

What is the synaptonemal complex?

A

A zipper like structure that hols the homologs together

55
Q

What is synapsis?

A

DNA breaks close up and attached to corresponding segment of non sister chromatid (crossing over)

56
Q

IN the cell cycle where is independent assortment seen?

A

Metaphase I

Biology (16 decks)

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