Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards
Acetyl coenzyme A; entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
Acetyl CoA
A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2
Alcohol Fermentation
Complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. Found in inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic and plasma membrane of prokaryotic
ATP Synthase
A graph in which the independent variable represent groups or nonnumerical categories and values of the dependent variables are shown by bars
Bar Graph
Metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA
Beta Oxidation
Catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and uses an electron transport chain for production of ATP
Cellular Respiration
Energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
Chemiosmosis
Chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and cytosol in prokaryotic cells. 2nd step in cellular respiration.
Citric Acid Cycle
Iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains int he mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells
Cytochrome
A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
Electron transport chain
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation when oxygen is not present
Facultative Anaerobe
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product
Fermentation
A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Oxidized form of NAD, a co-enzyme that can accept electrons, becoming NADH (stores electrons temporarily during cellular respiration)
NAD+
Reduced form of NAD that temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration. NADH acts as an electron donor to the electron transport chain
NADH
Organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use O2 and will be poisoned.
Obligate Anaerobe
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
Oxidation
Production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; 3rd major stage of cellular respiration
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The electron acceptor in redox reaction
Oxidizing Agent
The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen cations across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis
Proton‐Motive Force
A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation
Redox Reaction
The electron donor in redox reaction
Reducing Agent
The complete or partial gain of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
Reduction
The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
Substrate‐Level Phosphorylation
