Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Question 1

Amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation

Answer 1

Activation Energy

Question 2

Specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

Answer 2

Active Site

Question 3

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site

Answer 3

Allosteric Regulation

Question 4

A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules

Answer 4

Anabolic Pathway

Question 5

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reaction in cells

Answer 5

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Question 6

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

Answer 6

Catabolic Pathway

Question 7

Process by which chemical agent called a catalyst selectively increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 7

Catalysis

Question 8

A chemical agent that speeds up the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 8

Catalyst

Question 9

Energy available in molecules release in a chemical reaction; form of potential energy

Answer 9

Chemical Energy

Question 10

An organic molecule serving as a co-factor. Most vitamins function as co-enzymes in metabolic reactions

Answer 10

Co-Enzyme

Question 11

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalysis

Answer 11

Co-Factor

Question 12

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure mimics

Answer 12

Competitive Inhibitor

Question 13

A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits

Answer 13

Cooperativity

Question 14

Non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

Answer 14

Endergonic Reaction

Question 15

Capacity to cause change. Ability to rearrange a collection of matter

Answer 15

Energy

Question 16

A measure of molecular disorder or randomness

Answer 16

Entropy

Question 17

Macromolecule that acts as a catalyst, a chemical agent that speeds up the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 17

Enzyme

Question 18

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule

Answer 18

Enzyme‐Substrate Complex

Question 19

Spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is net release of free energy

Answer 19

Exergonic Reaction

Question 20

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

Answer 20

Feedback Inhibition

Question 21

Principle of conversion of energy, energy can be transferred or transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 21

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 22

The portion of a biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

Answer 22

Free Energy

Question 23

Series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway)

Answer 23

Metabolic Pathway

Question 24

The totality’s of an organisms chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism

Answer 24

Metabolism

Question 25

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product

Answer 25

Non-Competitive Inhibitor

Question 26

Molecule with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule

Answer 26

Phosphorylated Intermediate

Question 27

Principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least party converted to heat

Answer 27

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 28

A process that occurs without energy; process that is energetically favorable

Answer 28

Spontaneous Process

Question 29

The reactant on which an enzyme works with

Answer 29

Substrate

Question 30

Study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter; 2 laws

Answer 30

Thermodynamics