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BIOL 1107K > Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from specific patter of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

A

Alpha (α) Helix

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2
Q

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl group and an amino acid group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

A

Amino Acid

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3
Q

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

A

Antiparallel

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4
Q

One form the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

A

Beta (β) Pleated Sheet

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5
Q

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymer (polysaacharides)

A

Carbohydrate

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6
Q

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

A

Catalyst

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7
Q

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages

A

Cellulose

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8
Q

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

A chemical reaction where two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

A

Dehydration Reaction

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10
Q

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature

A

Denaturation

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11
Q

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s protein

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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12
Q

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

A

Deoxyribose

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13
Q

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

A

Disaccharide

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14
Q

Where two cysteine monomers, which have sulfhydryl groups on their side chains, are brought together by the folding of the protein

A

Disulfide Bridge

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15
Q

Form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

A

Double Helix

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16
Q

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins

A

Enzyme

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17
Q

A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

A

Fat

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18
Q
A

Gene

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19
Q

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain.

A

Fatty Acid

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20
Q

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

A

Glycogen

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21
Q

A covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

A

Glycosidic Linkage

22
Q

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water; breaking down bond

A

Hydrolysis

23
Q

A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water

A

Hydrophobic Interaction

24
Q

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly with water

A

Lipid

25
Q

A giant molecule formed by the joining of a smaller molecules.

  • Polysaccharides
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
A

Macromolecule

26
Q

Simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Simple sugar: CH2O

A

Monosaccharide

27
Q

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities; DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleic Acid

28
Q

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

A

Nucleotide

29
Q

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino acid group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction

A

Peptide Bond

30
Q

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Non-polar hydrophobic tails and polar hydrophilic head. Forms bilayers that function as a biological membranes.

A

Phospholipid

31
Q

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by a covalent bond

A

Polymer

32
Q

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotide can be those of DNA and RNA

A

Polynucleotide

33
Q

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

34
Q

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reaction

A

Polysaccharide

35
Q

The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids

A

Primary Structure

36
Q

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

A

Protein

37
Q

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6 membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring. (A, G)

A

Purine

38
Q

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6 membered ring (C, T + U)

A

Pyrimidine

39
Q

When a protein consists of two or more polypeptide chains

A

Quaternary structure

40
Q

A type of nucleic acid consisting of polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, in gene regulation as the genome of some viruses

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

41
Q

The sugar component of RNA

A

Ribose

42
Q

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

A

Saturated Fatty Acid

43
Q

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains)

A

Secondary Structure

44
Q

A recessively inherited human blood disease in which a single nucleotide charge in the a-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in affected individuals

A

Sickle‐Cell Disease

45
Q

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkage. Stored energy

A

Starch

46
Q

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached

A

Steroid

47
Q

The overall shape of protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

A

Tertiary Structure

48
Q

Unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds

A

Trans Fat

49
Q

A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; a fat or triglyceride

A

Triacylglycerol

50
Q

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. This bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

BIOL 1107K (17 decks)

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