Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from specific patter of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

Answer 1

Alpha (α) Helix

Question 2

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl group and an amino acid group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

Answer 2

Amino Acid

Question 3

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

Answer 3

Antiparallel

Question 4

One form the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

Answer 4

Beta (β) Pleated Sheet

Question 5

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymer (polysaacharides)

Answer 5

Carbohydrate

Question 6

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 6

Catalyst

Question 7

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages

Answer 7

Cellulose

Question 8

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids

Answer 8

Cholesterol

Question 9

A chemical reaction where two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Answer 9

Dehydration Reaction

Question 10

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature

Answer 10

Denaturation

Question 11

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s protein

Answer 11

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 12

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

Answer 12

Deoxyribose

Question 13

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

Answer 13

Disaccharide

Question 14

Where two cysteine monomers, which have sulfhydryl groups on their side chains, are brought together by the folding of the protein

Answer 14

Disulfide Bridge

Question 15

Form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

Answer 15

Double Helix

Question 16

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins

Answer 16

Enzyme

Question 17

A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

Answer 17

Fat

Answer 18

Gene

Question 19

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain.

Answer 19

Fatty Acid

Question 20

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

Answer 20

Glycogen

Question 21

A covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Answer 21

Glycosidic Linkage

Question 22

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water; breaking down bond

Answer 22

Hydrolysis

Question 23

A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water

Answer 23

Hydrophobic Interaction

Question 24

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly with water

Answer 24

Lipid

Question 25

A giant molecule formed by the joining of a smaller molecules. - Polysaccharides - Proteins - Nucleic Acids

Answer 25

Macromolecule

Question 26

Simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Simple sugar: CH2O

Answer 26

Monosaccharide

Question 27

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities; DNA and RNA.

Answer 27

Nucleic Acid

Question 28

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

Answer 28

Nucleotide

Question 29

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino acid group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction

Answer 29

Peptide Bond

Question 30

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Non-polar hydrophobic tails and polar hydrophilic head. Forms bilayers that function as a biological membranes.

Answer 30

Phospholipid

Question 31

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by a covalent bond

Answer 31

Polymer

Question 32

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotide can be those of DNA and RNA

Answer 32

Polynucleotide

Question 33

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Answer 33

Polypeptide

Question 34

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reaction

Answer 34

Polysaccharide

Question 35

The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids

Answer 35

Primary Structure

Question 36

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

Answer 36

Protein

Question 37

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6 membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring. (A, G)

Answer 37

Purine

Question 38

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6 membered ring (C, T + U)

Answer 38

Pyrimidine

Question 39

When a protein consists of two or more polypeptide chains

Answer 39

Quaternary structure

Question 40

A type of nucleic acid consisting of polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, in gene regulation as the genome of some viruses

Answer 40

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Question 41

The sugar component of RNA

Answer 41

Ribose

Question 42

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

Answer 42

Saturated Fatty Acid

Question 43

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains)

Answer 43

Secondary Structure

Question 44

A recessively inherited human blood disease in which a single nucleotide charge in the a-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in affected individuals

Answer 44

Sickle‐Cell Disease

Question 45

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkage. Stored energy

Answer 45

Starch

Question 46

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached

Answer 46

Steroid

Question 47

The overall shape of protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

Answer 47

Tertiary Structure

Question 48

Unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds

Answer 48

Trans Fat

Question 49

A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; a fat or triglyceride

Answer 49

Triacylglycerol

Question 50

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. This bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

Answer 50

Unsaturated Fatty Acid