Chapter 17: Gene Expression Flashcards
A modified form of guanine added onto the 5’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule
5’ Cap
An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA
Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetase
A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
Anticodon
One of ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. A site holds the tRNA carrying the amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain (aminoacyl-tRNA)
A Site
Nontemplate strand of DNA, which has the same sequence as the mRNA except it has thymine instead of uracil
Coding Strand
A 3-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code
Codon
This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are lost in a gene.
Deletion Mutation
A sequence within the primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing
Exon
This type of genetic mutation occurs when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons.
Frameshift Mutation
This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are added to a gene.
Insertion Mutation
A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing
Intron
A type of RNA, synthesized using DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are added or lost in a gene, resulting in a different amino acid in the primary sequence.
Missense Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus
Mutation
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the 3 stop codons, resulting in shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
Nonsense mutation
A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides
Nucleotide‐Pair Substitution
A change in a single nucleotide
Point Mutation
A sequence of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule
Poly‐A Tail
An initial RNA transcript from DNA, also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene
Primary Transcript
A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
Promoter
One of ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain (peptidyl-tRNA)
P Site
On an mRNA, the triplet group of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis
Reading frame
RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; most abundant type of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
An enzyme that link ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand
RNA Polymerase