Chapter 17: Gene Expression Flashcards
A modified form of guanine added onto the 5’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule
5’ Cap
An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA
Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetase
A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
Anticodon
One of ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. A site holds the tRNA carrying the amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain (aminoacyl-tRNA)
A Site
Nontemplate strand of DNA, which has the same sequence as the mRNA except it has thymine instead of uracil
Coding Strand
A 3-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code
Codon
This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are lost in a gene.
Deletion Mutation
A sequence within the primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing
Exon
This type of genetic mutation occurs when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons.
Frameshift Mutation
This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are added to a gene.
Insertion Mutation
A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing
Intron
A type of RNA, synthesized using DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are added or lost in a gene, resulting in a different amino acid in the primary sequence.
Missense Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus
Mutation
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the 3 stop codons, resulting in shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
Nonsense mutation
A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides
Nucleotide‐Pair Substitution
A change in a single nucleotide
Point Mutation
A sequence of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule
Poly‐A Tail
An initial RNA transcript from DNA, also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene
Primary Transcript
A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
Promoter
One of ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain (peptidyl-tRNA)
P Site
On an mRNA, the triplet group of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis
Reading frame
RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; most abundant type of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
An enzyme that link ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand
RNA Polymerase
Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together exons, and alteration of the 5’ and 3’ ends
RNA Processing
Sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum
Signal Peptide
A protein RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum by binding to a receptor protein on the ER
Signal‐Recognition Particle (SRP)
A nucleotide pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid
Silent Mutation
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex
TATA Box
The DNA strand that provides pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
Template Strand
The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
Transcription
Regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
Transcription Factor
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter
Transcription Initiation Complex
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change in language from nucleotides to amino acids (monomers). Site of translation: ribosomes
Translation
The flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5’ end of a tRNA anticodon can bond with more than one kind of base in the third position (3’ end) of a codon
Wobble
