Chapter 17: Gene Expression

Question 1

A modified form of guanine added onto the 5’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule

Answer 1

5’ Cap

Question 2

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA

Answer 2

Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetase

Question 3

A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

Answer 3

Anticodon

Question 4

One of ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. A site holds the tRNA carrying the amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain (aminoacyl-tRNA)

Answer 4

A Site

Question 5

Nontemplate strand of DNA, which has the same sequence as the mRNA except it has thymine instead of uracil

Answer 5

Coding Strand

Question 6

A 3-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code

Answer 6

Codon

Question 7

This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are lost in a gene.

Answer 7

Deletion Mutation

Question 8

A sequence within the primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing

Answer 8

Exon

Question 9

This type of genetic mutation occurs when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons.

Answer 9

Frameshift Mutation

Question 10

This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are added to a gene.

Answer 10

Insertion Mutation

Question 11

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing

Answer 11

Intron

Question 12

A type of RNA, synthesized using DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

Answer 12

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 13

This type of genetic mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are added or lost in a gene, resulting in a different amino acid in the primary sequence.

Answer 13

Missense Mutation

Question 14

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus

Answer 14

Mutation

Question 15

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the 3 stop codons, resulting in shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

Answer 15

Nonsense mutation

Question 16

A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides

Answer 16

Nucleotide‐Pair Substitution

Question 17

A change in a single nucleotide

Answer 17

Point Mutation

Question 18

A sequence of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule

Answer 18

Poly‐A Tail

Question 19

An initial RNA transcript from DNA, also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene

Answer 19

Primary Transcript

Question 20

A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place

Answer 20

Promoter

Question 21

One of ribosomes 3 binding sites for tRNA during translation. P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain (peptidyl-tRNA)

Answer 21

P Site

Question 22

On an mRNA, the triplet group of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

Answer 22

Reading frame

Question 23

RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; most abundant type of RNA

Answer 23

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 24

An enzyme that link ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand

Answer 24

RNA Polymerase

Question 25

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together exons, and alteration of the 5’ and 3’ ends

Answer 25

RNA Processing

Question 26

Sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

Signal Peptide

Question 27

A protein RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum by binding to a receptor protein on the ER

Answer 27

Signal‐Recognition Particle (SRP)

Question 28

A nucleotide pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid

Answer 28

Silent Mutation

Question 29

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex

Answer 29

TATA Box

Question 30

The DNA strand that provides pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

Answer 30

Template Strand

Question 31

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

Answer 31

Transcription

Question 32

Regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes

Answer 32

Transcription Factor

Question 33

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter

Answer 33

Transcription Initiation Complex

Answer 34

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 35

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change in language from nucleotides to amino acids (monomers). Site of translation: ribosomes

Answer 35

Translation

Question 36

The flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5’ end of a tRNA anticodon can bond with more than one kind of base in the third position (3’ end) of a codon

Answer 36

Wobble