Chapter 11: Cell Communication

Question 1

An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal.

Answer 1

Adenylyl Cyclase

Question 2

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, named because of its ring structure, is a common chemical signal that has a diversity of roles, including as a second messenger in many eukaryotic cells, and as a regulator of some bacterial operons.

Answer 2

Cyclic AMP

Question 3

A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.

Answer 3

G Protein

Question 4

Signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signlaing molecule by activating a G protein. (G protein linked receptor)

Answer 4

G Protein Coupled Receptor

Question 5

One of many secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids and act on specific cells in other parts of the organism, changing the target the target cells’ functioning

Answer 5

Hormone

Question 6

Moelcule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger molecule

Answer 6

Ligand

Question 7

Series of chemical reactions during cell signaling meditated by enzymes (kinases), in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another, leading to phosphorylation of many proteins

Answer 7

Phosphorylation Cascade

Question 8

Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein (phosphorylating)

Answer 8

Protein Kinase

Question 9

Enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase

Answer 9

Protein Phosphatase

Question 10

A receptor protein spanning the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer.

Answer 10

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)

Question 11

Molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor to a target where an action within the cell takes place

Answer 11

Second Messenger

Question 12

The binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiating the process of transduction

Answer 12

Signal Transduction