Chapter 9: Cell Division Flashcards
- occurs in many plants and protists and some animals
- used in Mitosis
vegetative or asexual reproduction
splitting or dividing into two parts
binary fission
(a growth process) divides the replicated DNA equally and precisely, generating daughter cells which are exact genetic copies of the parent cell
mitosis
the number of chromosomes sets in a cell or species
ploidy
some microorganisms have only one copy of each type of chromosome in their nuclei
haploid
many plant species, have three, four, or even more complete sets of chromosomes in each cell
polyploid
- two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell
- one is from the mother, the other from the father
homologous chromosomes
(a process of sexual reproduction) produces daughter nuclei with half the number of chromosomes of the parenta nucleus
-genetic variation
Meiosis
an image of a complete set of metaphase chromosomes, arranged according to size and shape
karyotype
the cell grows
interphase
G1 phase
DNA replicates and chromosomal proteins are duplicated (interphase)
S phase
cell growth continues and the cell prepares for mitosis (interphase)
G2 phase
non dividing cells can also enter into a special phase
G0 phase
the cell cycle?
M (mitosis) phase, G1, S, G2, G0
two identical copies
sister chromatids
the equal distribution of chromosomes into each of two daughter nuclei
chromosome segregation
chromosomes replication and segregation in the mitotic cell cycle creates a group of genetically identical cells
clones of the original cell
phases of mitosis in order?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
DNA condenses into chromosomes
prophase
chromosomes line up along cell equator
metaphase
sister chromatids of each chromosome pulled to opposite poles of cell
anaphase
nuclear membrane reforms around separated chromosomes
telophase
cytoplasm and plasma membranes of 2 new cells divide
cytokinesis
spindle microtubules grow from centrosomes at opposite spindle poles toward the center of the cell
prometaphase
forms on each sister chromatid at the centromere
kinetochore
the point where chromatids are joined
centromere
the centrosome contains a pair of these which are duplicated and divided
centrioles
in plants, this forms between the daughter nuclei and grows laterally until it divides the cytoplasm in two
cell plate
