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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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2
Q

Is skeletal muscle tissue striated?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue contractions

A

Are rapid, and in return it tires easily

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4
Q

Explain blood supply to skeletal muscle tissue

A

Arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients, veins take waste away

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5
Q

Is smooth muscle tissue striated?

A

No

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6
Q

Is cardiac muscle tissue striated?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Sarcolemma is the

A

Plasma membrane

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8
Q

Sarcoplasm is the

A

Cytoplasm of the muscle cell

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9
Q

Excitability/Irritability is

A

The ability to receive and respond to stimuli

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10
Q

Contractibility is

A

The ability to shorten

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11
Q

Extensibility is

A

The ability to be extended or stretched

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12
Q

Muscles maintain

A

Posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

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13
Q

Organization of a skeletal muscle

A 
Muscle
Fascicle
Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofilament
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14
Q

Fascicles are a portion of

A

The muscle

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15
Q

Muscle fibers are also known as

A

Muscle cells

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16
Q

Myofibrils are complex

A

Organelle

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17
Q

Myofibrils have a ________ structure

A

Rod-like

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18
Q

Myofibrils occupy most of the

A

Muscle cell volume

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19
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Sarcomeres arranged end to end

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20
Q

Are myofibrils striated?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What make up the striations of myofibrils?

A

A bands and I bands

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22
Q

Sarcomere is a segment of

A

A myofibril

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23
Q

What is the smallest contractile unit?

A

The sarcomere

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24
Q

Sarcomere are composed of

A

Myofilaments

25
Q

Where are sarcomeres found?

A

Between two Z-discs

26
Q

What are the two contractile myofilaments?

A

Myosin and Actin

27
Q

Myosin is what kind of filament?

A

Thick filament

28
Q

Actin is what kind of filament?

A

Thin filament

29
Q

What kind of structure does myosin have?

A

A head and a tail

30
Q

Myosin tails are

A

Two interwoven polypeptide heavy chains

31
Q

Myosin heads are

A

Two light/smaller polypeptide chains

32
Q

Within actin, what two proteins play a part?

A

Tropomyosin and Troponin

33
Q

Tropomyosin and Troponin are

A

Regulatory subunits that are bound to actin and play a role in contractions

34
Q

How are myosin and actin involved contractions?

A

They slide past one another which causes shortening and contraction

35
Q

What are the three connective tissue sheaths?

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

36
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum functions in

A

The regulation of intracellular calcium levels

37
Q

T tubules conduct

A

Impulses to the deepest region of muscle

38
Q

The impulse from the t tubules signals

A

The release of calcium

39
Q

Myosin extend the entire length of

A

The A band

40
Q

Actin extend across

A

The I band

41
Q

Z discs do what?

A

Anchor thin filaments

42
Q

Where do thin filaments not overlap thick filaments?

A

In the H zone

43
Q

The M line connects

A

Thick filaments

44
Q

Sliding filament model of contraction (7)

A

(1) In a relaxed state,myosin and actin only overlap a little bit
(2) Upon stimulation, one myosin head will bind to actin and sliding begins
(3) Calcium binds to troponin
(4) Troponin changes shape
(5) When troponin changes shape, tropomyosin moves and uncovers head sites
(6) Myosin heads bind to actin
(7) ATP binds to the head and the head releases

45
Q

The neuromuscular junction is made up of

A

Axonal endings

46
Q

Axonal endings contain

A

Acetyl Choline (ACh)

47
Q

Acetyl Choline is a

A

Neurotransmitter

48
Q

What holds in ACh?

A

Axonal vesicles

49
Q

The synaptic cleft is the

A

Space between the neuron and muscle tissue

50
Q

Muscle Contraction (7)

A

(1) Nerve impulse travels to axon terminal
(2) Causes voltage gated calcium channels to open
(3) Influx of calcium
(4) Calcium causes sacs with ACh to fuse to the membrane
(5) Causes the release of ACh into the synaptic cleft
(6) ACh binds to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma
(7) ACh binding initiates an action potential

51
Q

Breaking down steps 6 and 7 of the muscle contraction (7)

A

(1) Sarcolemma becomes permeable to Na and K
(2) Causes change in polarity; Inside of the cell becomes more negative (depolarization)
(3) Depolarization causes the action potential to travel down t tubules
(4) Causes release of calcium
(5) One calcium is released, it binds to troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move
(6) Allows myosin heads to bind to actin
(7) Allows contraction

52
Q

What destroys ACh?

A

Enzyme acetyl cholinesterase (ACh enzyme)

53
Q

Where is ACh destroyed?

A

Within the synaptic cleft

54
Q

The deconstruction of ACh does what?

A

Prevents continued contractions

55
Q

What would happen in a lack of ACh enzymes?

A

Contractions would be able to be stopped

56
Q

would would happen with a lack of ACh receptors?

A

It would be hard to contract or possibly no contraction at all

57
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is caused by

A

A lack of ACh receptors

58
Q

What are symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Weak muscles, weak vision, drooping eyelids, hard to speak or swallow

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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