Chapter 15 Flashcards
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory
Cranial Nerve II
Optic
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal
The olfactory nerve plays a part in
Smell
The optic nerve plays a part in
Vision
The oculomotor nerves are
Muscles of the eye
The Trochlear nerves are
Muscles of the eye
The trigeminal nerve plays a part in
Motor - Chewing
Sensory - Innervation of the face
The Abducens nerve plays a part in
The abduction of the eyes laterally
The Facial nerve innervates
The muscles of facial expression and taste
The vestibulocochlear nerve is the
Sensory nerve for hearing balance
The glossopharyngeal nerve plays a part in
Sensory - taste; innervates the tongue
The vagus nerve plays a part in
Taste; Innervates the thorax and pharynx
The accessory nerve is
Part of the vagus
The hypoglossal moves
The tongue muscles
Chemoreceptors respond to
Chemicals in solutions
Tastebuds are a type of
Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors are located in the
Olfactory Epithelium
Photoreceptors respond to
light
Examples of photoreceptors are
Rods and cones
Rods and cones are located
in the retina
Thermoreceptors respond to
Temperature changes
Mechanoreceptors respond to
Mechanical force (touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch)
Corpuscles are
Mechanoreceptors
Proprioceptors respond to
Internal stimuli
Cutaneous receptors respond to
Heat, cold, pain, touch
Nociceptors respond to
Potentially damaging stimuli that could result in pain; extreme pain
T/F There are more receptors in the back than in the fingertips since the back is a bigger area
F) Since the back is large the receptors are more spread out, while the fingertips have lots of receptors in one small space.
Two-point touch discrimination is
How close two points on the skin can be and still be perceived as two separate points
The special senses are
Smell Taste Sight Hearing Equilibrium
Which of the special senses are chemical senses?
Smell and taste
How many taste buds do we have?
Around 10,000
Most taste buds are located
On the tongue
Taste buds are found in the
Papillae
Papillae are
Peglike projections of the tongue that make the surface slightly abrasive
Fungiform papillae are a type of
Taste bud
Fungiform papillae are found
Scattered over the entire tongue surface
Vallate papillae are (1) and (2) numerous
(1) Largest
(2) Least
Vallate papillae form a
V at the back of the tongue
Filiform papillae are (1) and (2) numerous
(1) Smallest
(2) Most
Filiform papillae contain
Keratin, which stiffens them and gives the tongue its whitish appearance
Filiform papillae don’t contain
Taste buds
Which papillae are just for texture?
Filiform
Some taste buds are scattered on the (1), (2), (3), and (4)
(1) Soft palate
(2) Inner surface of the cheeks
(3) Pharynx
(4) Epiglottis of the larynx
Gustatory epithelial cells are
The receptor cells for taste
Gustatory hairs are
Long microvilli that are the sensitive portions of the gustatory epithelial cells
Basic taste sensations are
Sweet Salty Sour Bitter Umami
Sweet taste sensation involves
Sugars, Saccharin, Alcohols, some amino acids
Salty taste sensation involves
Metal ions
Sour taste sensation involves
Acids, specifically their hydrogen ions
Bitter taste sensation involves
alkaloids
Umami taste sensation involves
Amino acids glutamate and aspartate
Taste is what percent smell?
80%
The mouth contains what that influence taste?
Thermoreceptors, Mechamnoreceptors, and Nociceptors
How to temperature and texture affect taste?
They can enhance or detract from taste
The ear is made up of the
Inner, outer, and middle ear
The inner ear functions in
Equilibrium and hearing
The outer and middle ear are involved in
Hearing only
Auricle is also known as
Pinna
The auricle is the
Shell shaped projection surrounding the opening of the ear
What is the purpose of the auricle?
To funnel sound waves
The external auditory canal is
A short curved tube that extends from the auricle to the ear drum
The external auditory canal is filled with
Ceruminous glands that secrete cerumen (ear wax)
What does ear wax do?
Provides a protective sticky trap for foreign bodies and repels insects
Tympanic membrane is also known as the
Ear drum
The tympanic membrane is the boundary between
the middle and outer ears
The tympanic membrane does what?
Transfers sound to the middle ear
The middle ear is also known as
The tympanic cavity
The auditory ossicles are
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
The malleus is known as
The hammer
The incus is known as
The anvil
The stapes is known as
The stirrups
The bony labyrinth consists of
Vestibule
Cochlea
Semicircular canals
The vestibule is the
Central egg-shaped cavity
The cochlea extends from
The anterior part part of the vestibule
The cochlea is a
Spiny bony chamber
Scala vestibuli is
Continuous with the vestibule
Scala media is the
Cochlear duct
Scala Tympani ends at the
Membrane-covered round window
Semicircular canals lie
Posterior and lateral to the vestibule
(1)% of all of the sensory receptors in the body are in the (2)
(1) 70%
(2) eyes
Accessory structures of the eye
Eyebrows
Eyelids
Eyelashes
Lacrimal apparatus
The lacrimal apparatus releases
A dilute saline solution
The eye muscles are divided into
Rectus muscles and Oblique muscles
The rectus muscles are
Superior
Inferior
Lateral
Medial
The oblique muslces are
Superior
Inferior
What is diplopia?
Double vision
Diplopia can result from
Paralysis or weakness of certain extrinsic muscles
Diplopia can be treated with
Exercise
An eyepatch
Surgery
The structure of the eyeball is
Fibrous layer
Vascular layer
Inner layer
The fibrous layer consists of
Sclera
Cornea
What is the purpose of the sclera?
Protects and shapes the eye
Anchors the extrinsic muscles
The cornea lets
Light enter the eye
The Vascular layer consists of
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
The choroid absorbs
Light and prevents it from scattering and reflecting within the eye
The ciliary body anchors
the suspensory ligaments that holds the lens in place
The iris is the
Colored part of the eye and lies between the cornea and the lens
The inner layer consists of
Retina
Lens
The retina is a
Two layered membrane that absorbs light and prevents it from scattering in the eye
The retina is composed of
Ganglion cells
Optic disc
Rods
Cones
Ganglion cells leave the eye
As the thick optic nerve
Optic disc is where
The optic nerve exits the eye
Rods are
Dim-light and peripheral vision receptors
Cones are
Vision receptors for bright light
What is called the blind spot and why?
The retina, because it lack photoreceptors
The lens is
Biconvex, transparent, and a flexible structure
The lens can change
shape to precisely focus light on the retina
Is the lens vascular or avascular? Why?
Avascular, because blood vessels interfere with transparency
Where is the lens the thickest?
In the center
Myopia is
Near sighted
Hyperopia is
Far sighted
Presbyopia is
Bifocals/reading glasses
Astigmatism is
Uneven curving of the lens/cornea
Color blindness is due to
A lack of one or more cone pigments
What color are the cones?
Blue, Green, Red
What percent of men have some form of color blindness?
8-10%
What is the most common type of color blindness? Why?
Red-Green, because there is an X chromosome link passed from mom to son
People with what colorblindness don’t realize it why?
Blue, because the eye fills in the colors
Night blindness is due to
A prolonged deficiency of vitamin A
