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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Bones

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Blood Cell Formation
Mineral Storage
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2
Q

In relation to support, bones form

A

The framework that support the body and cradles soft organs

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3
Q

In relation to protection, bones provide

A

A protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

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4
Q

In relation to movement, bones provide

A

Levers for muscles

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5
Q

In relation to mineral storage, bones are a

A

Reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus

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6
Q

What are the two categories of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

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7
Q

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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8
Q

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

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9
Q

What are the shapes of bones?

A

Long
Flat
Short
Irregular

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10
Q

Long bones

(1) Are ___ than they are ___
(2) Have ____ at two ends that may contain:
(3) Are primarly:

A

(1) Longer; wide
(2) Shafts; a substantial amount of spongy bone
(3) Compact bone

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11
Q

All bones of the limbs except what are made up of compact bone?

A

Patella, wrist, ankle

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12
Q

Flat bones

(1) Physical description
(2) Are two ____ with ___ between
(3) Examples

A

(1) Thin, flat, and a bit curved
(2) Parallel compact bone surfaces; spongy bone
(3) Sternum, ribs, and most skull bones

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13
Q

Short bones

(1) Physical description
(2) Are mostly
(3) Are found

A

(1) Cube-like
(2) Spongy bone - thin surface layer of compact
(3) In the wrist and ankle, and in tendons (like the patella)

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14
Q

Irregular bones

(1) Are bones with
(2) Are mostly
(3) Examples

A

(1) Complicated shapes
(2) Spongy - thin layers of compact
(3) Some skull, vertebrae, and hip bones

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15
Q

Compact bone is

A

Dense, looks smooth

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16
Q

Spongy bone is made up of

A

Trabeculae

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17
Q

Trabeculae are ____ that

A

“little beams” that create open space filled with marrow

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18
Q

Spongy bone has

A

No osteons

Irregular lamellae

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19
Q

Long bones structure consists of

A

Diaphysis and Epiphysis

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20
Q

Diaphysis is a

A

Tubular shaft that forms the long axis of bone

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21
Q

Diaphysis is composed of

A

Compact bone that surround the medullary cavity

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22
Q

Epiphyses are the

A

Expanded ends of long bone

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23
Q

The exterior of epiphysis is

A

Compact

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24
Q

The interior of epiphysis is

A

Spongy bone

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25
Q

The joint surface of epiphysis is

A

Covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage

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26
Q

The epiphysis line separates

A

The diaphysis from the epiphysis

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27
Q

Bone membranes consist of

A

The periosteum
Sharpey’s fibers
The endosteum

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28
Q

The periosteum is a

A

White double-layered protective membrane around the diaphysis

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29
Q

The periosteum’s outer layer is

A

Fibrous and made of dense irregular tissue

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30
Q

The periosteum’s inner layer is

A

Osteogenic, and on the bone surface

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31
Q

The inner layer of the periosteum is primarily composed of

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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32
Q

The periosteum is richly supplied with (1) which enter through (2)

A

(1) Nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

(2) Nutrient foramina

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33
Q

Sharpeys fibers are

A

Collagen fibers

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34
Q

Sharpey’s fibers do what?

A

Securethe periosteum to bone

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35
Q

Osteoporosis is caused by

A

Atrophy of Sharpey’s fibers

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36
Q

Endosteum is the

A

Delicate membrane covering internal surface of the bone

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37
Q

Haversian system is the

A

Structural unit of compact bone

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38
Q

Osteon is the

A

Haversian system

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39
Q

Lamella are (2)

A

(1) Weight bearing

(2) Column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

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40
Q

Haversian canal is the

A

Central canal

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41
Q

Haversian canal contains

A

Blood vessels and nerves

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42
Q

Volkmann’s canals are

A

Channels lying at right angels to the Haversian canal

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43
Q

Volkmann’s canals connect

A

Blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

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44
Q

Osteocytes are

A

Mature bone cells

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45
Q

Osteocytes lie in

A

Lacunae at junctions lamellaee

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46
Q

Osteocytes function is to

A

Maintain the matrix

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47
Q

Lacunae are

A

Small cavities in bone that contains osteocytes

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48
Q

Canaliculi are

A

Hair-like canals that connect lacunae to each other and the Haversian canal

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49
Q

Canaliculi allow

A

Nutrients and wastes to pass between them

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50
Q

Chemical composition of bone is either

A

Organic or Inorganic

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51
Q

Organic chemical composition consists of

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoids

52
Q

Osteoblasts are

A

Bone-forming cells

53
Q

Obsteoblasts are responsible for

A

The bone matrix

54
Q

Osteocytes are

A

Mature bone cells

55
Q

Osteocytes maintain

A

The matrix of bone

56
Q

Osteoclasts are

A

Large cells that reabsorb or breakdown bone matrix

57
Q

Osteoclasts cling to

A

The bone

58
Q

Osteoid is

A

Unmineralized bone matrix

59
Q

Inorganic chemical composition makes up

A

65% of bone by mass

60
Q

Inorganic chemical composition is responsible for

A

Bone hardness and it’s resistance to compress

61
Q

Osteogenesis and ossification is

A

The process of bone tissue formation

62
Q

Osteogenesis/Ossification leads to (3)

A

(1) The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos
(2) Bone growth until early adulthood
(3) Bone thickness, remodeling and repair

63
Q

In the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos, (1) replaces (2)

A

(1) Bone tissue (2) fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage

64
Q

The formation of the bony skeleton begins

A

At week 8 of embryo development

65
Q

Intramembranous ossification is where

A

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

66
Q

Most of the ____ are formed during intramembranous ossification

A

Flat bones of the skull and clavicles

67
Q

Fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by ____ during intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells

68
Q

Mesenchymal cells form what?

A

Fibrous connective tissue membranes

69
Q

Menechymal cells are

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cells

70
Q

Stage 1 of formation of bony skeleton (2)

A

(1) Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
(2) Mesenchymal cells will differentiate into osteoblasts

71
Q

Ossification center is the

A

Site where bone begins to form

72
Q

Stage 2 of formation of bony skeleton (3)

A

(1) Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane
(2) osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which mineralizes within a few days
(3) Osteoblasts that get trapped in osteoid become osteocytes

73
Q

Stage 3 of formation of bony skeleton (1 a,b)

A

(1) Woven bone and periosteum form
(a) Deposits of osteoid accumulate and fuse together, forms network of trabeculae when encloses blood vessels
(b) Mesenchyme condense to form periosteum

74
Q

Stage 4 of formation of bony skeleton (1 a,b)

A

Bone collar of compact bone forms , and red marrow appears

(a) after periosteum forms, inner osteogenic layer secretes osteoid
(b) red marrow forms in spongy bone

75
Q

Endochondral ossification is when

A

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

76
Q

When does endochondral ossification begin?

A

In the second/third month of development

77
Q

Endochondral ossification uses

A

Hyaline cartilage “bones” as models for bone construction

78
Q

Endochondral ossification requires

A

Breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

79
Q

Stage 1 of endochondral ossification in a long bone (2)

A

(1) Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model
(2) Osteoblasts or periosteum secrete osteoid against cartilage

80
Q

Stage 2 of endochondral ossification in a long bone (3)

A

(1) Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
(2) Chondrocytes within shaft enlarge and cartilage matrix calcifies
(3) Becomes impermeable to nutrients and chondrocytes die

81
Q

Stage 3 of endochondral ossification in a long bone (3)

A

(1) The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
(2) Invasion of artery, veins, and nerves
(3) Osteoblasts secrete osteoid around cartilage cells, forming trabeculae

82
Q

Stage 4 of endochondral ossification in a long bone (2)

A

(1) Formation of medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses
(2) Osteoclasts breakdown the spongy bone

83
Q

Stage 5 of endochondral ossification in a long bone (2)

A

(1) Ossification of the epiphyses (after birth), with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates
(2) Spongy bone is retained

84
Q

By what age have all bones ossified completely?

A

25

85
Q

Functional zones of long bone growth

A

Growth zone
Transformation zone
Osteogenic zone

86
Q

Growth zone is at the

A

Epiphysis plate

87
Q

What happens in the osteogenic zone?

A

(1) New bone formation occurs
(2) Osteoclasts degrade the spongy bone
(3) That results in the medullary cavity growing longer as bone grows

88
Q

During long bone growth in length, cartilage

A

Continually grows and is replaced by bone

89
Q

At what age does the epiphyseal plate closure occur?

A

18-21

90
Q

During the epiphyseal plate closure, the

A

Epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone tissue and the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse

91
Q

During remodeling, bone is

A

Resorbed and added by appositional growth

92
Q

Osteoid seam is an

A

Unmineralized band of bone matrix

93
Q

Bone resorption is accomplished by

A

Osteoclasts

94
Q

Resorption bays are

A

Grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix

95
Q

What hormones help modulate for correct bone growth proportions?

A

PTH and calcitonin

96
Q

What two control loops regulate bone remodeling?

A

(1) Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood
(2) Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton

97
Q

What is the process for the hormonal mechanism? (4)

A

(1) Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin
(2) Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
(3) Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH
(4) PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood

98
Q

Wolff’s law states that

A

A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it

99
Q

Observations supporting Wolff’s law include (2)

A

(1) Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft (where bending stress is the greatest)
(2) curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle

100
Q

How are bone fractures classified? (4)

A

(1) The position of the bone ends after fracture
(2) The completeness of the break
(3) The orientation of the bone to the long axis
(4) Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin

101
Q

Types of bone fractures (8)

A 
Nondisplaced
Displaced
Complete
Incomplete
Linear
Transverse
Compound
 Simple
102
Q

A nondisplaced fracture is where

A

Bone ends retain their normal position

103
Q

A displaced fracture is where

A

The bone ends are out of normal alignment

104
Q

A complete fracture is where

A

The bone is broken all the way through

105
Q

An incomplete fracture is where

A

The bone is not broken all the way through

106
Q

A linear fracture is where

A

The fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

107
Q

A transverse fracture is where

A

The fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

108
Q

A compound (open) fracture is where

A

The bone ends penetrate the skin

109
Q

A simple (closed) fracture is where

A

The bone ends do not penetrate the skin

110
Q

Common types of fractures (6)

A 
Comminuted
Compression
Spiral
Epipyseal
Depressed
Greenstick
111
Q

A comminuted fracture is where

A

The bone fragments into three or more pieces

Common in the elderly

112
Q

A compression fracture is where

A

The bone is crushed

Common in porous bones

113
Q

A spiral fracture is a

A

Ragged break when bone is excessively twisted

Common sports injury

114
Q

A epiphyseal fracture is where

A

The epiphysis separated from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal line
Occurs where cartilage cells are dying

115
Q

A depressed fracture is where

A

The broken bone portion is pressed inward

Typical in skull fractures

116
Q

A greenstick fracture is an

A

Incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends
Common in children

117
Q

Stage 1 of healing a bone fracture

A

Hematoma formation

118
Q

Stage 2 of healing a bone fracture

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

119
Q

Stage 3 of healing a bone fracture

A

Bony Callus formation

120
Q

Stage 4 of healing a bone fracture

A

Bone remodeling

121
Q

Osteoporosis is a

A

Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit

122
Q

In osteoporosis, what is most vulnerable?

A

Spongy bone of the spine

123
Q

Osteoporosis occurs most often in

A

Postmenopausal women

124
Q

With osteoporosis bones

A

Become so fragile that sneezing can cause fractures

125
Q

Paget’s disease is characterized by

A

Excessive bone formation and breakdown

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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