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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. sensory input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor output
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2
Q

What is the organization of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

The CNS contains the

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

The PNS contains the

A

Paired spinal and cranial nerves

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5
Q

The PNS has two functional divisions, what are they?

A

Sensory (afferent) division

Motor (efferent) division

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6
Q

What fibers are in the sensory division?

A 
Sensory afferent (Somatic afferent) fibers
Visceral afferent fibers
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7
Q

Sensory afferent fibers carry

A

Impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain (CNS)

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8
Q

Visceral afferent fibers transmit

A

Impulses from visceral organs to the brain (CNS)

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9
Q

The motor division transmits

A

Impulses from the CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands

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10
Q

What are the two main parts of the motor division?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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11
Q

Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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12
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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13
Q

The autonomic nervous system regulates

A

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

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14
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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15
Q

The two principal cell types of the nervous system are

A

Neurons and supporting cells

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16
Q

Supporting cells are

A

Cells that surround and wrap neurons

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17
Q

Nerugoglia (glia cells) are ______ cells that

A

Supporting cells that

Provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons

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18
Q

What are the most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cells?

A

Astrocytes (in CNS)

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19
Q

Astrocytes in CNS cling to

A

Neurons and their synaptic endings

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20
Q

Astrocytes in CNS cover

A

Capillaries

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21
Q

Astrocytes in CNS are the barrier between what?

A

Neurons and capillaries

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22
Q

What are small, ovoid cells with spiny processes?

A

Microglia in CNS

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23
Q

Microglia in CNS are phagocytes that

A

Monitor the health of neurons

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24
Q

Microglia in CNS are a type of (1) that (2)

A

(1) Macrophage

(2) Engulfs foreign particles

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25
Q

Ependymal cells in CNS range in shape from

A

Squamous to columnar

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26
Q

Ependymal cells in CNS line the

A

Cavities of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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27
Q

In ependymal cells in CNS, cilia circulate

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

Oligodendrocytes in CNS are (1) that (2)

A

(1) Branched cells

(2) Wrap CNS nerve fibers

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29
Q

What forms the myelin sheaths?

A

Oligodendrocytes in CNS and Shwann cells

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30
Q

Shwann cells surround

A

Fibers of the PNS

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31
Q

Schwann cells are involved in

A

Regeneration in the PNS

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32
Q

Schwann cells form the

A

Tube and encourage axon growth

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33
Q

Satellite cells surround

A

Neuron cell bodies with ganglia in the PNS

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34
Q

Nerve cells are

A

Neurons

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35
Q

Neurons are composed of

A

A body, axon, and dendrites

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36
Q

Amitotic is the

A

Simple division of nucleus with replication of chromosomes

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37
Q

Are neurons mitotic or amitotic?

A

Amitotic

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38
Q

The plasma membrane of neurons function in

A

Electrical signaling

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39
Q

The nerve cell body is called

A

Perikaryon or Soma

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40
Q

The nerve cell body contains

A

The nucleus and a nuceolus

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41
Q

The nerve cell body is the major

A

Biosynthetic Center

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42
Q

The nerve cell body is the focal point for the

A

Outgrowth of neuronal processes

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43
Q

The nerve cell body has no (1) hence its (2) nature

A

(1) No centrioles (2) Amitotic nature

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44
Q

An Axon hillock is a

A

Cone-shaped area from which axons arise

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45
Q

The cluster of cell bodies in the CNS are

A

Nuclei

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46
Q

The cluster of cell bodies in the PNS are

A

Ganglia

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47
Q

Processes are

A

Arm-like extensions from the soma (body)

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48
Q

Processes are called what in the PNS and CNS?

A

PNS - Nerves

CNS - Tracts

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49
Q

What are the two types of processes?

A

Axons and dendrites

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50
Q

Dendrites of motor neurons are short or long?

A

Short

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51
Q

Dendrites of motor neurons are what kind of processes?

A

Diffusely branched processes

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52
Q

Dendrites of motor neurons are the _______ regions of the neuron

A

Receptive or input

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53
Q

Dendrites of motor neurons create enormous

A

Surface area for receptions of signal from other neurons

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54
Q

Dendrites of motor neurons conduct impulse

A

Toward cell body

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55
Q

Axons arise from

A

The hillock

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56
Q

Axons are fat or thin?

A

Thin

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57
Q

T/F Axons can be short or very long

A

True

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58
Q

Long axons are called

A

Nerve fibers

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59
Q

How many unbranched axon per neuron?

A

Usually only one

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60
Q

Larger diameter of axons cause

A

Faster conduction

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61
Q

What are the functions of axons?

A
  1. Generate and transmit ACTION POTENTIALS
  2. Carries IMPULSES AWAY from cell body
  3. Secrete NEUROTRANSMITTERS from axonal terminals
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62
Q

Myelin sheath is the

A

Whitish, fatty, segmented sheath around most long axons

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63
Q

The myelin sheath functions are

A
  1. PROTECT the axon
  2. Electrically INSULATE fibers from one another
  3. INCREASE THE SPEED of nerve impulse transmission
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64
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent Shwann cells

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65
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are the sites where

A

Axon collaterals can emerge

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66
Q

In axons of the CNS both

A

Myelinated and unmyelinated fibers are present

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67
Q

In axons of the CNS myelin sheaths are formed by

A

Oligodendrocytes

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68
Q

The regions of the brain and spinal cord are

A

White matter and gray matter

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69
Q

White matter is a

A

Dense collection of myelinated fibers

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70
Q

White matter have (1) in regions of (2)

A

(1) Myelinated fibers

(2) Brain and spinal cord

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71
Q

Where is gray matter found?

A

Mostly in the Soma (nerve cell body)

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72
Q

T/F Gray matter is myelinated

A

False; Unmyelinated

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73
Q

What are the types of neuron classification?

A

Structural and Functional

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74
Q

Structural neuron classification is divided into

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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75
Q

Functional neuron classification is divided into

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons (association neurons)

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76
Q

Action potentials are also known as

A

Nerve Impulses

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77
Q

Action potentials are

A

Electrical impulses carried along the length of axons

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78
Q

Action potentials are always (1) regardless of (2)

A

(1) The same

(2) Stimulus

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79
Q

What is the underlying functional feature of the nervous system?

A

Action Potentials

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80
Q

Voltage is the

A

Measure of potential energy generated by separated charges

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81
Q

There is a potential on either side of membranes when

A
  1. The # of ions is different across the membrane

2. The membrane provides a resistance to ion flow

82
Q

Types of plasma membrane ion channels

A
  1. Passive/Leakage channels
  2. Chemically gated channels
  3. Voltage-gated channels
  4. Mechanically gated channels
83
Q

Chemically gated channels open with

A

Binding of a specific neurotransmitter

84
Q

Voltage-gated channels open and close

A

In response to membrane potential

85
Q

A chemically gated channel is closed when

A

A neurotransmitter is not bound to the extracellular receptor

86
Q

A chemically gated channel is open when

A

A neurotransmitter is attached to the receptor

87
Q

Example of a chemically gated channel is

A

Na+ -K gated channel

88
Q

In a Na+ -K gated channel, when it is closed (1) and when it is open (2)

A

(1) Na+ cannot enter the cell and K+ cannot exit the cell

(2) Na+ enters the cell and K+ exits the cell

89
Q

A voltage-gated channel is closed when

A

The intracellular environment is negative

90
Q

A voltage-gated channel is open when

A

The intracellular environment is positive

91
Q

An example of a voltage-gated channel is

A

Na+ channel

92
Q

In a Na+ channel, when it is closed (1) and when it is open (2)

A

(1) Na+ cannot enter the cell

(2) Na+ can enter the cell

93
Q

Resting Membrane Potential is the

A

Potential difference (-70 mV) across the membrane of a resting neuron

94
Q

Voltage across the membrane is

A

-70 mV

95
Q

Resting Membrane Potential is more

A

Negative on the inside

96
Q

The resting membrane potential is established by

A

Na/K pump

97
Q

The resting membrane potential is generated by

A

Different concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl- and proteins anions (A-)

98
Q

Ionic differences are the consequences of

A
  1. Differential permeability of the neurilemma to Na+ and K+

2. Operation of the sodium-potassium pump

99
Q

Membrane potentials are used to

A

Integrate, send, and receive information

100
Q

Membrane potential changes are produced by

A
  1. Changes in membrane permeability to ions

2. Alterations of ion concentrations across the membrane

101
Q

Changes in membrane potential are caused by

A
  1. Depolarization
  2. Repolarization
  3. Hyperpolarization
102
Q

In depolarization the inside of the membrane

A

Becomes less negative

103
Q

In repolarization the membrane

A

Returns to it’s resting membrane potential

104
Q

In hyperpolarization the inside of the membrane

A

Becomes more negative than the resting potential

105
Q

Graded potentials are short lived or long lived?

A

Short lived

106
Q

Graded potentials decrease

A

In intensity with distance

107
Q

With graded potentials, magnitude

A

Varies directly with the strength of the stimulus

108
Q

Sufficiently strong graded potentials can

A

Initiate action potentials

109
Q

In graded potentials, voltage changes

A

Are decremental (or gradually decreasing)

110
Q

In graded potentials, the current is

A

Quickly dissipated

111
Q

Why is the current quickly dissipated in graded potentials?

A

Due to the leaky plasma membrane

112
Q

Graded potentials only travel

A

Over short distances

113
Q

Action potential is a

A

Brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude (change in voltage) of 100 mV

114
Q

Action potentials are only generated

A

By muscle cells and neurons

115
Q

T/F Action potentials decrease in strength over distance

A

False, they do not decrease

116
Q

When an action potential is in resting state Na+ and K+ channels

A

Are closed

117
Q

What accounts for small movements of Na+ and K+ when an action potential is in resting state?

A

Leakage

118
Q

When an action potential is in resting state, each Na+ channel

A

Has two voltage-regulated gates

119
Q

What are the two Na+ voltage-regulated gates?

A

Activation gates

Inactivation gates

120
Q

Are activation gates open or closed in resting state?

A

Closed

121
Q

Are inactivation gates open or closed in resting state?

A

Open

122
Q

When an action potential is in depolarization phase, Na+ permeability (1); membrane potential (2)

A

(1) Increases

(2) Reverses

123
Q

When an action potential is in depolarization phase, Na+ (activation) gates are (1); K+ gates are (2)

A

(1) Opened

(2) Closed

124
Q

Threshold is

A

A critical level of depolarization (-55 to -50 mV)

125
Q

When an action potential is in repolarization phase, Na+ inactivation gates

A

Close

126
Q

When an action potential is in depolarization phase, membrane permeability to Na+

A

Declines to resting levels

127
Q

When an action potential is in depolarization phase, when Na+ gates close,

A

Voltage-sensitive K+ gates open

128
Q

When an action potential is in depolarization phase, K+ (1) and internal negativity of (2) is (3)

A

(1) Exits the cell
(2) The resting neuron
(3) Restored

129
Q

When an action potential is in Hyperpolarization phase, K+ gates

A

Remain open

130
Q

When the K+ gates remain open during hyperpolarization phase, this causes

A

An excessive efflux (flowing out) of K+

131
Q

What causes hyperpolarization of the membrane?

A

The efflux of K+

132
Q

When an action potential is in hyperpolarization phase, the neuron is insensitive to

A

Stimulus and depolarization

133
Q

Repolarization restores

A

The resting electrical conditions of the neuron

134
Q

Repolarization does not restore

A

The resting ionic conditions

135
Q

After repolarization, the Na+ - K+ pump

A

Redistributes the ion back to resting conditions

136
Q

What are the phases of the action potential?

A
  1. Resting state
  2. Depolarization phase
  3. Repolarization phase
  4. Hyperpolarization phase
137
Q

Threshold is typically reached when

A

The membrane is depolarized by 15 - 20 mV

138
Q

The threshold is established by

A

The total amount of current flowing through the membrane

139
Q

Are weak (subthreshold) stimuli or strong (threshold) stimuli relayed into action potentials?

A

Strong stimuli are relayed into action potentials

140
Q

The all-or-none phenomenon says that

A

Action potentials either happen completely or not at all

141
Q

The absolute refractory period is the

A

Time from the opening of the Na+ activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates

142
Q

The absolute refractory period prevents the neuron from

A

Generating an action potential

143
Q

The absolute refractory period ensures that each action potential

A

Is Separate

144
Q

The absolute refractory period enforces

A

One-way transmission of nerve impulses

145
Q

The relative refractory period is

A

The interval following the absolute refractory period

146
Q

What are the position of the Na+ and K+ gates during the relative refractory period?

A

Na+ gates are closed

K+ gates are open

147
Q

What is occuring during the relative refractory period?

A

Repolarization

148
Q

During the relative refractory period, the threshold level is

A

Elevated

149
Q

An elevated threshold level during the relative refractory period allows

A

Strong stimuli to increase the frequency of action potential events

150
Q

Rate of impulse propagation is determined by

A
  1. Axon diameter

2. Presence of a myelin sheath

151
Q

A current can pass through a myelin sheath

A

ONLY at the nodes of Ranvier (myelin sheath gaps)

152
Q

Action potentials are triggered (1) and (2)

A

(1) ONLY at the nodes

(2) Jump from one node to the next

153
Q

Multiple sclerosis is

A

An autoimmune disease that mainly affects young adults

154
Q

In MS the immune system

A

Attacks myelin proteins

155
Q

In MS the axons

A

Are not damaged

156
Q

The symptoms of MS are

A

Visual disturbances
Weakness
Loss of muscular control
Urinary incontinence

157
Q

In MS the nerve fibers (1) and myelin sheaths in the CNS become (2)

A

(1) Are severed

(2) Nonfunctional scleroses

158
Q

Nonfunctional scleroses is when

A

Sheaths are reduced to hard lesions

159
Q

A synapse is

A

A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to

a) another neuron
b) an effector cell

160
Q

A presynaptic neuron conducts

A

Impulses toward the synapse

161
Q

A postsynaptic neuron transmits

A

Impulses away from the synapse

162
Q

What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials?

A

(1) EPSP - Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

(2) IPSP - Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

163
Q

EPSPs are

A

Graded potentials that can initiate an action potential in an axon

164
Q

EPSPS use only

A

Chemically gated channels

165
Q

Postsynaptic membranes do not

A

Generate action potentials

166
Q

Only ____ generate action potentials

A

Axons

167
Q

The strength of an EPSP depends on

A

The amount of neurotransmitter bound to receptors

168
Q

If EPSPs reach the axon hillock,

A

Action potential occurs down the axon

169
Q

Can a single EPSP induce an action potential?

A

No

170
Q

EPSPs must (1) to (2)

A

(1) Summate temporally or spatially

(2) Induce an action potential

171
Q

Temporal summation occurs when

A

Presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order

172
Q

Spatial summation occurs when

A

The postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time

173
Q

IPSPs can also summate

A

With EPSPs

174
Q

When IPSPs summate with EPSPs,

A

They cancel each other

175
Q

Neurotransmitters are

A

Chemicals used for neuronal communication with the body and the brain

176
Q

T/F Only a handful of neurotransmitters have been identified

A

False, 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified

177
Q

How are neurotransmitters classified?

A

Chemically and functionally

178
Q

GABA stands for

A

Gamma - aminobutyric acid

179
Q

GABA is the most

A

Prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain

180
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

181
Q

Huntington’s is the

A

Lack of CABA releasing neurons

182
Q

Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that

A

Makes a person feel good

183
Q

Norepinephrine reuptake is

A

Blocked by cocaine

184
Q

Dopamine is a neurotrasmitter that

A

Makes a person feel good

185
Q

Dopamine plays a part in

A

The regulation of skeletal muscle

186
Q

Dopamine is deficient in

A

Parkinson’s disease

187
Q

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that

A

Regulates mood

188
Q

Serotonin is excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

189
Q

Serotonin reuptake is

A

Blocked by Prozac

190
Q

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that

A

Inhibit pain

191
Q

Effects of endorphins are mimicked by

A

Morphine and heroin

192
Q

Acetylcholine was the

A

First neurotransmitter identified

193
Q

Acetylcholine is the best

A

Understood neurotransmitter

194
Q

Acetylcholine is released

A

At the neuromuscular junction

195
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized and enclosed in

A

Synaptic vesicles

196
Q

Acetylcholine is degraded by

A

The enzyme acteylcholinesterase (AChE)

197
Q

Acetylecholine is released by

A
  1. All neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle

2. Some neurons in the autonomic nervous system

198
Q

The functional classification of neurotransmitters is divided into

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

199
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause

A

Depolarizations

200
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause

A

Hyperpolarizations

201
Q

T/F Some neurotransmitters have both excitatory and inhibitory effects

A

True

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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