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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12, 13, 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 12, 13, 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest portion of the brain?

A

The Cerebrum

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2
Q

What makes up 40% of brain mass?

A

The Cerebral Cortex

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3
Q

The cerebral cortex enables

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Communication
  3. Memory
  4. Understanding
  5. Voluntary movements
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4
Q

In the cerebral cortex, each hemisphere acts

A

Contralaterally

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5
Q

Contralaterally means

A

Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

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6
Q

T/F The hemisphere are equal in function

A

False; They are not equal

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7
Q

The three types of functional areas are

A
  1. Motor areas
  2. Sensory areas
  3. Association areas
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8
Q

Hemispheres are separated by

A

The longitudinal fissure

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9
Q

Hemispheres have three basic regions

A
  1. Cortex
  2. White matter
  3. Basal nuclei
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10
Q

What lobe(s) deal with motor areas?

A

Frontal Lobe

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11
Q

What lobe(s) deal with sensory areas?

A

Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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12
Q

The frontal lobe contains

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. Premotor cortex
  3. Broca’s area
  4. Frontal eye field
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13
Q

The primary motor cortex allows

A

Conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movements of skeletal movement

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14
Q

The premotor cortex controls

A

Learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills

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15
Q

What coordinates muscle groups?

A

The Premotor cortex

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16
Q

Broca’s area is a motor speech area that

A

Directs muscles of the tongue

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17
Q

When is Broca’s area active?

A

As a person prepares to speak

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18
Q

Where is Broca’s area present?

A

In one hemisphere, usually LEFT hemisphere only

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19
Q

Frontal eye field controls

A

Voluntary eye movement

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20
Q

The parietal lobe consists of

A
  1. Primary somatosensory cortex

2. Somatosensory association cortex

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21
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex receives

A

Information from the skin and skeletal muscles

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22
Q

The somatosensory association cortex integrates

A

Sensory input, temperature, and pressure

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23
Q

The somatosensory association cortex determines

A

Size, texture, and relationship of parts

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24
Q

The Occipital lobe consists of

A
  1. Primary visual cortex

2. Visual association area

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25
Q

The primary visual cortex receives

A

Information from the retina of the eye

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26
Q

The visual association area interprets

A

Visual stimuli (color, form, and movement)

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27
Q

How does the visual association area interpret visual stimuli?

A

Using past experience

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28
Q

The Temporal lobe consists of

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex
  2. Auditory association area
  3. Vestibular cortex
  4. Olfactory cortex
  5. Gustatory cortex
  6. Visceral Sensory area
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29
Q

The primary auditory cortex receives

A

Information from the inner ear related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness

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30
Q

The auditory association area stores

A

Memories of sounds and permits perception of sound

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31
Q

The vestibular cortex deals with

A

Balance and position of the head

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32
Q

The olfactory cortex deals with

A

Smell and impulses from olfactory tracts

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33
Q

The gustatory cortex deals with

A

Taste

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34
Q

The Visceral sensory area deals with

A

Conscious perception of visceral sensation (upset stomach, full bladder)

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35
Q

Aphasias is

A

Speech and language disorders due to injury or stroke

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36
Q

What happens if there is left (frontal) damage in Broca’s area?

A

Poor speech, but able to understand speech

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37
Q

Wernickes area helps with

A

Sounding out unfamiliar words

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38
Q

What happens if there is left (temporal) damage in Wernicke’s area?

A

Rapid speech without meaning, unable to understand language - written or spoken

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39
Q

Written words are where

A

Information from visual cortex project into Wernicke’s area

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40
Q

Spoken words are where

A

Information from auditory area projects to Wernicke’s area

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41
Q

Speech is where a concept of words

A

Originate in Wernicke’s area then sent to Broca’s areas then to motor cortex

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42
Q

What are the two types of long term memory?

A

Nondeclarative and Declarative

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43
Q

Nondeclarative long term memory is also called

A

Implicit

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44
Q

Declarative long term memory is also called

A

Explicit

45
Q

Nondeclarative long term memory deals with

A

Skills and conditioning (tying a shoe lace)

46
Q

T/F Nondeclarative long term memory requires conscious thought

A

False; it does not

47
Q

Declarative long term memory is

A

Verbalized memories

48
Q

Declarative long term memory is divided into

A

Semantic and Episodic

49
Q

Consolidation from short term to long term is a function of the

A

Medial temporal lobe

50
Q

Damage to the left medial temporal lobe

A

Impairs verbal memory

51
Q

Damage to right medial temporal lobe

A

Impairs nonverbal; Can’t recognize faces

52
Q

Amygdala helps with the memory of

A

Fear responses

53
Q

The left inferior frontal lobe helps with

A

Math calculations

54
Q

Prefrontal cortex helps with

A

Complex problem solving, planning activities

55
Q

Lateral prefrontal damage

A

Lack of motivation and sexual desire

56
Q

In multimodal association areas, information flows from (1) to (2) to a (3) then to the (4)

A

(1) Sensory receptors
(2) Primary sensory cortex
(3) Sensory association cortex
(4) Multimodal association

57
Q

What do multimodal association areas do with information?

A

They give meaning to it, store it, tie it to previous experiences and knowledge, and decide what action to take

58
Q

Multimodal association areas receive (1) and receive (2)

A

(1) Different types of sensory input

(2) Input from widespread sources

59
Q

Anterior association area deals with

A
  1. Intellect
  2. Learning
  3. Personality
  4. Judgement
  5. reasoning
  6. Persistence
  7. Planning
60
Q

The anterior association area is apart of the

A

Frontal lobe

61
Q

The Posterior association areas are parts of

A

The temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

62
Q

The posterior association areas help with

A

Recognizing patterns and faces

63
Q

People with damage to the posterior association areas on the right side of the brain

A

Refuse to wash or dress the left side of their body because “that doesn’t belong to me”

64
Q

The Limbic association area plays a role in

A

Emotional ipmact

65
Q

What connects two hemispheres?

A

Commissures

66
Q

What is an examples of a commissure?

A

Corpus Callosum

67
Q

What connects different parts of the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibers

68
Q

What connects the lower brain or cord centers to and from the cortex?

A

Projection fibers

69
Q

Secondary brain vesicles

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
70
Q

The diencephalon is composed of

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

71
Q

The hypothalamus plays a role in (7)

A
  1. Endocrine system control
  2. Autonomic control center
  3. Body temperature regulation
  4. Hunger/satiety
  5. Thirst
  6. Sleep/wake cycles
  7. Emotional response center
72
Q

Functional systems are

A

Limbic system

Reticular activating system

73
Q

The limbic system is the

A

Emotional brain

74
Q

The limbic system can use ______ to link to and recall memories

A

Smells

75
Q

The reticular activating system’s function is

A

Alertness

76
Q

Examples of how the reticular activating system works are

A
  1. Parent’s hearing their kids voice in a crowd

2. Hearing someone say your name while you’re sleeping

77
Q

What covers and protects the CNS?

A

Meninges

78
Q

Meninges contain

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

Dura mater is

A

Tough and leathery

80
Q

Arachnoid mater is

A

Web-like

81
Q

Arachnoid mater secures to

A

Pia mater

82
Q

Arachnoid mater contains

A

Cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

83
Q

Pia mater is

A

Delicate tissue and minute blood vessels

84
Q

Pia mater clings to

A

Brain tissue

85
Q

Crebrospinal fluid helps

A

Nourish the brain

86
Q

Meningitis is what kind of infection?

A

Bacterial or viral infection

87
Q

Meningitis is the

A

Inflammation of the meninges

88
Q

Symptoms of meningitis are

A

Intense headache and fever
Sensitivity to light
Muscular rigidity

89
Q

Hydrocephalus is the

A

Blocked drainage of CSF

90
Q

Hydrocephalus is where

A

Fluid accumulates in the brain, enlarging the head and possibly causing brain damage

91
Q

Hydrocephalus is typically seen in

A

Younger children

92
Q

What is the treatment for hydrocephalus?

A

A shunt is inserted into the neck or stomach to relieve pressure

93
Q

A concussion is an

A

Alteration in brain function following a blow to the head

94
Q

Symptoms of a concussion are

A

Dizziness, may lose consciousness

95
Q

A contusion is

A

Bruising of the brain

96
Q

A contusion can cause

A

Permanent neurologic damage

97
Q

With a brain stem contusion, what can occur?

A

A coma, possibly permanent

98
Q

With a subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage, a person will be

A

Initially lucid, then deteriorate

99
Q

What must happen to help someone with a subdural hemorrhage?

A

Hematoma must be removed

100
Q

Cerebral edema is

A

Swelling in the brain caused by the presence of extra fluid

101
Q

Alzheimers disease is

A

Mental deterioration caused by generalized degeneration of the brain

102
Q

One form of alzheimers is from an

A

Inherited mutation in a specific gene

103
Q

Parkinson’s is the

A

Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra

104
Q

Huntington’s disease is a

A

Fatal hereditary disease

105
Q

Huntington’s is where

A

Brain cells degenerate causing dementia

106
Q

In Huntington’s, ____________ accumulates in brain cells and tissue dies

A

Mutant Huntington protein

107
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s?

A

Wild jerky movements, mental decline

108
Q

What is the life expectancy with Huntingtons?

A

Fatal within 15 years of onset of symptoms

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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