Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Structure
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
Subcategories
The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
3 subcategories: regional, systemic, surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
All the structures in a particular region of the body studied at the same time
Subcategory of gross/macroscopic anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Studied system by system
Subcategory of gross/macroscopic anatomy
Surface anatomy
The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Subcategory of gross/macroscopic anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Subcategories
Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Subcategories: cytology and histology
Cytology
Studies cells of the body
Subcategory of microscopic anatomy
Histology
Study of Tissue
Subcategory of microscopic anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Subcategories
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan
Subcategory: embryology
Embryology
Developmental changes that occur before birth
Subcategory of developmental anatomy
Physiology
Function
Complementarity
How anatomy and physiology work together
Function always reflects structure
Levels of Structural Organization
- Chemical
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
Types of Tissue
Epithelium
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
Organ Systems
Definition and Types
Organs work together to accomplish a common purpose
Respiratory Urinary Nervous Muscular Reproductive Skeletal Lymphatic Integumentary Digestive Endocrine Cardiovascular
Requirements for Life (7)
Maintaining Boundaries Responsiveness Digestion Excretion Reproduction Growth Movement
Survival Needs (5)
Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temp (98.7) Atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain stability inside while the outside changes
Components of Homeostasis
Receptor: monitors the environment and responds to changes
Control Center: determines the set point
Effector: provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus
Types of Nutrients
Carbs
Protein
Lipids/fats
Vitamins/minerals
Negative VS Positive feedback
Negative: output shuts off original effect
Positive: output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Anatomical Position
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms forward
Thumbs away from body
Superior or _____________
Cranial
Toward the head end or upper part of the body; above
Inferior or ____________
Caudal
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below
Anterior or _________
Ventral
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior or ______________
Dorsal
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment
Superficial or ___________
External
Toward or at the body surface
Deep or ____________
Internal
Away from the body surface
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts
Frontal or __________ Plane
Coronal
Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse Plane
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique Sections
Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
Dorsal Cavity
Definition and Subcavities
Protects the nervous system organ
Cranial cavity: encases the brain
Vertebral cavity: encases the spine
Ventral Cavity
Subcavities
Thoracic Cavity: chest
- 2 pleural cavities (lungs)
- Mediastinum
- Pericardial: encloses the heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
- Pelvic cavity: contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum
Denature
Break down protein by acid, base, heat, radiation, etc.
Happens in tertiary structure
Where is hemoglobin found?
In the Quaternary Structure
Atom
Combines to form molecules
Molecule
Associate to form organelles
Organelle
Basic component of cells
Cells
Smallest unit of living things
Tissue
Groups of similar cells that have a common function
Epithelial Tissue
Covers the body surface and lines its cavities
Muscle Tissue
Provides movement
Connective Tissue
Supports and protects body organs
Nervous Tissue
Provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical pulses
Organs
Are composed of at least two different types of tissue
More commonly 4 types
Carbs
Primary source of fuel
Protein
Builds structure
Lipids/fats
Insulation
Builds Structure
Cushions Organs
Stores Fuel
Vitamins/Minerals
Chemical Reactions
Oxygen Transport
