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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

Function

A

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
4-5 layers
Cells on top are very flat and keratinized (dead)
Protect from foreign particles, water, and heat loss

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2
Q

Keratinocytes

A 
Produce the fibrous protein keratin
Desmosomes connect them
arise from deepest part of epidermis from cells that are continuously in mitosis
dead at the surface
life 25-45 days
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3
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce and synthesize melanin
found in deep layers
pigment shields nucleus of keratinocytes from UV

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4
Q

Langerhans’ Cell

A

AKA dendritic cells
machrophages that arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
extend among the surrounding keratinocytes
plays a part in skin immune system

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5
Q

Merkel Cells

A

AKA Tactile Cells
Function as touch receptors
All are associated with a nerve ending

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6
Q

Variation in thickness of _______ depends on

A

epidermis; thin or thick skin

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7
Q

_____ skin has ___________ than _________ skin

A

thin; less layers; thick

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8
Q

Thick and thin skin refer to

A

only the epidermis

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9
Q

Thick skin

A

palms, fingertips, and soles of feet

Thickest skin is found on the upper back

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10
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A 
Stratum Basale 
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
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11
Q

Stratum Basale

  • Attached
  • Made of
  • types of cells
A 
AKA Basal layer
deepest epidermal layer
- firmly attached to the dermis
single row of the youngest keratinocytes
cells undergo rapid division
- Stratum germinativum
25% are melanocytes and occasional merkel cells
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12
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

AKA Prickly layer
cells contain web-like system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes
abundant melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells
cells begin to die above this layer

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13
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A 
AKA Granular Layer
thin; 1-5 cell layers dies
keratinization
Keratohyalin and lamellated granules accumulate in cells
Plasma membrane becomes thick
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14
Q

Keratinization

A

Cells fill with keratin

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15
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

AKA Clear Layer
thin, transparent band
consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
PRESENT ONLY IN THICK SKIN

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16
Q

Stratum Corneum

A 
AKA Horny Layer
Outermost layer of keratinized cells
- filled with keratin
-cornified cells, tough
20-30 cell layers thick
accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness
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17
Q

Dermis

A

contains strong, flexible connective tissue
mainly dense irregular connective tissue

embedded with collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
supplied with nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

Epidermis cell types

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells
Langerhans’ cells

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19
Q

Melanin

A 
Reddish yellow to brownish black
Everyone has same amount of melanin
Freckles and moles: clumps of melanin
Responsible for dark skin colors
protect skin from UV radiation
found only in the deep layer of the epidermis
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20
Q

Mitosis occurs in which layer

A

Stratum Basale

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21
Q

Functions of the Stratum Corneum

A
  • waterproofing
  • protection from abrasion
  • body insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults
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22
Q

Dermis cell types

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

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23
Q

Dermis Layers

A

Papillary Layer

Reticular Layer

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24
Q

Papillary Layer

A 
thin
Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
Dermal Paillae
Many blood vessels
Part of dermis
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25
Q

Dermal Papillae

A 
Peg-like projections of the superior surface
Contain
- capillary loops
- Meissner's corpuslces
- free nerve endings

arranged in definite patterns on hands and feet (epidermal ridges)

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26
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

touch receptor in skin that lack hair

palms, soles, lips, eyelids, genitals

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27
Q

Reticular Layer

A

Accounts for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis
collagen fibers add strength and resiliency
elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

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28
Q

Where are stretch marks formed

A

in tears in the reticular layer

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29
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue
not part of the skin
superficial fascia
anchors skin to underlying tissue (usually muscle)

30
Q

Functions of the Hypodermis

A

Shock absorber

Insulator

31
Q

Half o the body’s fat stores are

A

in the hypodermis

32
Q

Pigments involved in skin color

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

33
Q

Carotene

A

yellow to orange pigment
most obvious on palms and soles of feet
found in stratum corneum and fatty tissue of the hypodermis

34
Q

Hemoglobin

A

reddish pigment

located in red blood cells in dermal capillaries

35
Q

Cyanosis

A

blue

heart, respiratory failure

36
Q

Redness

A 
embarrassment
fever
hypertension
inflammation
allergy
37
Q

Pallor

A

pale
fear, anger, other emotional stress
anemia or low blood pressure

38
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow

Liver disorder

39
Q

Bronzing

A

Metallic Appearance

Addison’s disease

40
Q

Black and Blue Marks

A

Bruises

reveals where blood escaped from circulation and clotted beneath the skin

41
Q

Sweat glads

A

Sudoriferous Glands

Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Ceruminous sweat glands
Mammary glands

42
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Merocrine sweat glands

Most numerous
Abundant on palms and soles of feet and forehead
thermoregulation (sweating)
99% water with lactic acid, vitamin C, NaCl, and calcium

43
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Axillary and anogenital areas
Same contents as eccrine (plus fats and proteins
No odor until decomposed by bacteria

44
Q

What may be analogous to sex scent glands in animals?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

45
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified apocrine glands in external ear canal
secrete cerumen (ear wax)
Protects from water and insects
antibacterial

46
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

47
Q

Appendages of skin

A

Sebaceous glands
hair follicles
Arrector Pili Muscles
Nails

48
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

found all over the body
secretes oil
causes pimples

49
Q

hair follicles

A

protective
nerve ending at the base of each
produced by a follicle
- mainly fused, keratinized cells

50
Q

Eyelashes

A

sense insects on skin

51
Q

Arrector Pili Muscles

A

Smooth muscle
makes hair stand up
contracts with cold or fight/flight reaction

52
Q

Nails

A

modification of the epidermis

heavily keratinized

53
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A 
protection
body temperature regulation
cutaneous sensation
metabolic functions
blood reservoir
excretion
54
Q

Protection of the integumentary system

A

chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier

55
Q

body temperature regulation (Integumentary system)

A

accomplished by

  • dilation (cooling) and constriction (warming) of dermal vessels
  • increasing sweat gland secretions to cool the body
56
Q

Cutaneous Sensation (Integumentary system)

A

extereceptors sense touch and pain

Meissners and lamellar corpuscles

57
Q

Metabolic Functions (Integumentary system)

A

synthesis of vitamin D in dermal blood vessels

58
Q

Blood reservoir (Integumentary system)

A

skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body’s blood volume

59
Q

Excretion (Integumentary system)

A

limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat

60
Q

Burns

A

when burned you lose body fluids

can cause renal failure and circulatory shock

61
Q

First degree burns

A

only the epidermis is damaged

localized redness, swelling and pain

62
Q

Second degree burns

A

epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged

same as first degree but with blisters

63
Q

Third degree burns

A

entire thickness of the skin is damaged
burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black
no initial edema or pain (nerve endings are destroyed

64
Q

Rules of nines

A

estimates the severity of burns by computing the percentage or body surface burned
11 areas, 9% each, 1% for genitals

65
Q

When are burns considered critical?

A

over 25% of the body has second degree burns
over 10% of the body has third degree burns
there are third degree burns on the face, hands, or feet

66
Q

what is the main risk factor for skin cancer?

A

UV light

67
Q

Major types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

68
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

slow growing
don’t often metastasize
can be cured by surgery

69
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

grows rapidly
metastasizes if not removed
chances are food

70
Q

Melanoma

A

most dangerous type
highly metastatic
resistant to chemotherapy

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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