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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Separates two of the body’s major fluid compartments

  • the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid
  • plays a dynamic role in cellular activity
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2
Q

______ _______ model = _______ ________

A

fluid mosaic model = lipid bilayer

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3
Q

Lipid Bilayer

Contains:

A

forms the basic “fabric” of the membrane

Contains: phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

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4
Q

Phospholipids

A

Polar head is charged and hydrophillic; lie on inner and outer surfaces

Nonpolar tail that is hydrophobic; line up in the center
- made up of two fatty acid chains

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5
Q

Glycolipids

A

Account for about 5% of total membrane lipids

Lipids with a carb attached

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6
Q

Cholesterol

A

Makes up about 20% of membrane lipids

Polar and nonpolar regions

Stabilizes membrane

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7
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Integral proteins: firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins: not embedded into the lipid bilayer; attach loosely to integral proteins

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8
Q

Proteins can be

A

Carriers, channels, or receptors

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9
Q

Glycocalyx

Involvement in Embryonic Development

Involvement in Cancer

Involvement with Reproduction

Involvement with Blood

A

Branching sugar groups

Guide embryonic cells to destination in the body

Is altered or changed so the body knows it needs to be destroyed

Helps sperm find the egg

Compatibility with blood types

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10
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with a carb attached

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11
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Tight junction
Desmosomes
Gap junction

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12
Q

Tight Junction

A

A series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together

  • forms an impermeable junction that encircles the cell
  • found in the digestive tract
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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions

  • scattered along the sides of adjacent cells
  • prevents separation
  • found in the skin muscle
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14
Q

Gap Junction or ________

A

Nexus: communicating junctions between adjacent cells

  • cells are connected by hollow cylinders (connexons)
  • Allows chemical substances to pass between cells
  • Found in the heart
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15
Q

Connexons

A

Hollow cylinders that connect cells

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16
Q

Passive Membrane Transport

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

Diffusion

Types

A

The movement of particles down or along their concentration gradient
- HIGH TO LOW

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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18
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Diffusion of nonpolar and lipid soluble substances

- deals with the transport of oxygen, Co2, fats, and urea

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19
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transported substances bind to carrier proteins or pass through water filled protein channels
- transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions

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20
Q

Osmosis

A

Water

  • occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different of opposite sides of a membrane
  • diffusion water a cross a semipermeable membrane
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21
Q

Tonicity

Types

A

How a solution affects cell volume

Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

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22
Q

Isotonic Tonicity

A

Solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol
- Shape stays the same

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23
Q

Hypertonic Tonicity

A

Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
- Shrinks (crenate)

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24
Q

Hypotonic Tonicity

A

Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
-swells, eventually bursts

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25
Q

Filtration

A

The passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
- kidney

Pressure gradient pushes solute-containing fluid from a greater pressure area to a lower pressure area

26
Q

Active Membrane Transport

A

Primary active transport
secondary active transport
vesicular transport

27
Q

Symport VS Antirport System

A

Symport: substances move in the same direction
Antiport: substances move in opposite directions

28
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+ -K+)

29
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Na+ -K+ Pump
Step 1: 3 sodium binds to pump from the inside
Step 2: ATP binds to pump on the inside
Step 3: ATP becomes ADP - causes pump to turn on
Step 4: confirmation change - opens to the other side
Step 5: sodium is released
Step 6: 2 potassium bind from the outside
Step 7: phosphate is kicked off
Step 8: confirmation change

30
Q

Secondary Active Transport

What type of passive transport is closely related to active transport?

A

Takes advantage of primary active transport
- EX: sodium glucose symport and sodium calcium antiport

Facilitated diffusion

31
Q

What makes active transport different from passive?

A

Needs ATP

Opposite concentration

32
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

large particles are transported across cellular membranes into the cell and out of the cell
Exocytosis
Endocytosis

33
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transports out of the cell

Typically releases neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, waste

34
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transports into the cell

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

engulfs large or solid material
“cell eating”
- typically bacteria, cell debris, or inanimate particles

36
Q

Pinocytosis

A

infolding plasma membrane surround extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules
“cell drinking”
AKA fluid-phase endocytosis

37
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in small amounts in the extracellular fluid

38
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

39
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid in which cytoplasmic elements are suspended

40
Q

Organelles

A

Metabolic Machinery of the cell

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Cilia
Flagellum
Chromatin
41
Q

Mitochondria

A

provides most of the cell’s ATP

42
Q

Nucleus

A

control center; stores DNA

43
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

-free and bound ribosomes

44
Q

Rough ER

A

protein synthesis occurs on the ribosomes attaches to RER

45
Q

Smooth ER

A

Continuous with RER; lipid synthesis

46
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packing of proteins and lipids, stacked and flattened shape

47
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breakdown glycogen, bacteria, and toxins

48
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Resembles small lysosomes; deals with detoxification

49
Q

Cilia

A

whip-like; typically in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of cells

50
Q

Flagellum

A

longer than cilia

only found in sperm

51
Q

Chromatin

A

threadlike strands of DNA and histones

  • arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes
  • form condensed, bar-like bodies of chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide
52
Q

Mitosis

A

the division of the nucleus

  • one cell to two cells (daughter cells)
  • Diploid to diploid
53
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

Interphase

  • chromosomes double
  • preparing for mitosis

Prophase

  • chromosomes condense
  • you can “see” the chromosomes

Metaphase
- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase
- sister chromatids split and are pulled in opposite directions

Telophase
- new sets of chromosomes, new nuclear membrane

Cytokinesis: cleavage furrow, cytoplasm divides by pinching the cell apart

54
Q

Meiosis

A

chromosomes replicate then pair up

- diploid to haploid

55
Q

Phases of Meiosis

A

Meiosis I

  • homologous pairs split
  • 2 new cells form
  • crossing over occurs

Meiosis II

  • sister chromatids split
  • 4 cells
56
Q

Meiosis __ resembles

A

II; Mitosis

57
Q

Spermatogensis

A

production of sperm

58
Q

Oogenesis

A

production of the ovum (egg)

59
Q

Genes

A

section of a chromosome responsible for a specific trait

60
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of a gene

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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