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Archaeology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Agricultural development in Africa

A

both domestication of local plants and animals and the adoption of domesticaticated plants and animals from the Middle East

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2
Q

3 Primary Regions of Plants and domestication in Africa

A
  • Ethipoia and Ertrea (teff, finger millet and coffee)
  • Central Africa (pearl millet and sorghum)
  • West Africa (rice)
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3
Q

plants and animals adopted from the Middle East

A
  • wheat, barley, and lentils

- sheep and goats

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4
Q

Sahara Desert

A

between 14,000-4,500 years ago, there was much more rainfall here that supported agriculture

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5
Q

Hunter-gatherers in Northern Africa

A

9,000-8,000 years ago developed storage pits, pottery, wooden artifacts, basketry, barbed bone points, and bladelets

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6
Q

Which was domesticated first?

A

animals (sheep, goats, and cattle)

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7
Q

Pastoral societies

A

mobile societies with an economy based on herds of domesticated animals

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8
Q

Cattle may have been domesticated independently in Egypt

A

as early as 10,000 years ago (this theory is not widely accepted)

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9
Q

Domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats clearly had been introduced into societies that still had not domesticated plants

A

around 8,000 years ago

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10
Q

Village farming communities

A

in Africa is still poorly understood

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11
Q

Earliest evidence of domesticated plants is in Egypt

A

around 7,000 years ago

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12
Q

Large villages

A

developed rapidly in the Nile Valley causing domesticated plants

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13
Q

Westerns Africa millet grains

A

dates to 3,500 years ago are the earliest evidence of plants domestication whit sorghum being introduced sometime after this period

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14
Q

When was pottery introduced

A

at the beginning of the sequence leading up to agriculture, whereas it was only first developed towards the end of the sequence in the Middle East

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15
Q

Pastoral societies

A

Africa developed thousands of years before fully agricultural villages did

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16
Q

Small villages in Africa and Middle East

A

precede the domestication of plants and animals

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17
Q

Sahul

A

the single landmass of New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania in glacial periods

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18
Q

New Guinea

A

Papua New Guinea (east) and Indonesian province of Irian Jaya (west)

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19
Q

2 items central to modern agriculture societies in New Guinea

A

pigs and sweet potatoes

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20
Q

Exchange of pigs

A

a key element of political power and pigs are fed sweet potatoes, so having more sweet potatoes is essential for gaining political power

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21
Q

Pigs and sweet potatoes

A

are not indigenous to New Guinea

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22
Q

Sweet potatoes

A

were domesticated in South America and likely introduced to New Guinea after they were brought to the Philippines by Spanish sailors in the 16th century

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23
Q

Pigs

A

still no date when they were introduced

24
Q

Indigenous New Guinea plants include

A

yams, bananas, taro, and possibly sugarcane

25
Coastal sites in New Guinea
date 40,000 years ago
26
Earliest occupation of highland sites
date 30,000 years ago
27
No evidence of domesticated plants and animals at these early dates
wide range on animals were hunting in both regions
28
Kuk Swamp
earliest evidence of the development of agriculture
29
Major Features of Kuk Swamp includes
drainage canals, pit, and earth mounds, all which indicate that the swamp have been drained to create beds for planting crops
30
Canals at the sites
date to 10,000 years ago | while the earth mounds date to 6,500 years ago
31
Maintenance of agricultural fields came to an end
3,000 years ago
32
Taro
found at Kuk Swamp and is not indigenous to the highlands
33
Banana cultivation
6,500 years ago when the highlands environment changed from forest to grassland and required human intervention for banana plants to grow
34
Only plants were involved
gradual in New Guinea. Pottery was introduced quite late and did not have a role in early agricultural systems
35
The Andes
are the second highest mountain chain in the would with 4 primary zones based on altitude
36
Quechua Zone
2,300-3,500 meters | corn grow well here
37
Suni Zone
3,500-4,000 meters | indigenous crops such as quinoa, potatoes, oca, and olluco
38
Puna zone
4,000-4,800 meters | open grassland for llamas and alpacas
39
Cordillera Zone
4,800 + meters | altitude is too high for agriculture
40
Coastal region
Andes is rich in marine resources
41
Humboldt Current
brings cool water u the coast of South America, stirring up nutrients from the ocean surface
42
Beans found in Guitarrero Cave
dates based on charcoal recovered from the same level dating to 10,000 years ago; however, AMS radiocarbon dating found the beans were only 4,300 years ago
43
Llamas and alpacas
both animals are camelida and it appears they were domesticated between 10,000-5,000 years ago
44
8,000 years ago
small settles villages developed along the Peruvian coast by hunter-gatherers who relied heavily on coastal marine resources
45
Monumental architecture
began to appear along the coastal region around 5,700 years ago in a period called Cotton Preceramic
46
2 coastal sites
wide range of domesticated plants (gourds, squash, chili peppers, beans, achira, and jicama) with the dominant crop being cotton used for making nets and textiles
47
El Nino
results in a massive decline in marine resources, torrential rains on the shore and massive flood
48
Domestication of plants and animals in the Andes
had little impact on how people lived
49
Settled villages
preceded that adoption of agriculture. Villages were small collections of huts with little evidence of social inequality
50
Animals domesticated in China included
dogs, pigs, and water buffalo in southern China | pigs, possibly chicken in northern China
51
Earliest known pottery in East Asia
20,000 years ago
52
Collecting wide rice
Actually domestication is difficult to determine in East Asia
53
Earliest evidence of rice farming
found on village sites that dated to 9,000 -8,000 years ago
54
Earliest evidence of millet
dates to roughly 10,000 years ago based on AMS radiocarbon dating
55
Domestication of plant and animals in the East Asia
happened roughly the same time
56
All regions of agriculture
was a gradual process

Archaeology (12 decks)

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