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Archaeology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Agricultural development in Africa

A

both domestication of local plants and animals and the adoption of domesticaticated plants and animals from the Middle East

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2
Q

3 Primary Regions of Plants and domestication in Africa

A
  • Ethipoia and Ertrea (teff, finger millet and coffee)
  • Central Africa (pearl millet and sorghum)
  • West Africa (rice)
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3
Q

plants and animals adopted from the Middle East

A
  • wheat, barley, and lentils

- sheep and goats

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4
Q

Sahara Desert

A

between 14,000-4,500 years ago, there was much more rainfall here that supported agriculture

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5
Q

Hunter-gatherers in Northern Africa

A

9,000-8,000 years ago developed storage pits, pottery, wooden artifacts, basketry, barbed bone points, and bladelets

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6
Q

Which was domesticated first?

A

animals (sheep, goats, and cattle)

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7
Q

Pastoral societies

A

mobile societies with an economy based on herds of domesticated animals

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8
Q

Cattle may have been domesticated independently in Egypt

A

as early as 10,000 years ago (this theory is not widely accepted)

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9
Q

Domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats clearly had been introduced into societies that still had not domesticated plants

A

around 8,000 years ago

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10
Q

Village farming communities

A

in Africa is still poorly understood

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11
Q

Earliest evidence of domesticated plants is in Egypt

A

around 7,000 years ago

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12
Q

Large villages

A

developed rapidly in the Nile Valley causing domesticated plants

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13
Q

Westerns Africa millet grains

A

dates to 3,500 years ago are the earliest evidence of plants domestication whit sorghum being introduced sometime after this period

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14
Q

When was pottery introduced

A

at the beginning of the sequence leading up to agriculture, whereas it was only first developed towards the end of the sequence in the Middle East

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15
Q

Pastoral societies

A

Africa developed thousands of years before fully agricultural villages did

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16
Q

Small villages in Africa and Middle East

A

precede the domestication of plants and animals

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17
Q

Sahul

A

the single landmass of New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania in glacial periods

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18
Q

New Guinea

A

Papua New Guinea (east) and Indonesian province of Irian Jaya (west)

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19
Q

2 items central to modern agriculture societies in New Guinea

A

pigs and sweet potatoes

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20
Q

Exchange of pigs

A

a key element of political power and pigs are fed sweet potatoes, so having more sweet potatoes is essential for gaining political power

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21
Q

Pigs and sweet potatoes

A

are not indigenous to New Guinea

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22
Q

Sweet potatoes

A

were domesticated in South America and likely introduced to New Guinea after they were brought to the Philippines by Spanish sailors in the 16th century

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23
Q

Pigs

A

still no date when they were introduced

24
Q

Indigenous New Guinea plants include

A

yams, bananas, taro, and possibly sugarcane

25
Q

Coastal sites in New Guinea

A

date 40,000 years ago

26
Q

Earliest occupation of highland sites

A

date 30,000 years ago

27
Q

No evidence of domesticated plants and animals at these early dates

A

wide range on animals were hunting in both regions

28
Q

Kuk Swamp

A

earliest evidence of the development of agriculture

29
Q

Major Features of Kuk Swamp includes

A

drainage canals, pit, and earth mounds, all which indicate that the swamp have been drained to create beds for planting crops

30
Q

Canals at the sites

A

date to 10,000 years ago

while the earth mounds date to 6,500 years ago

31
Q

Maintenance of agricultural fields came to an end

A

3,000 years ago

32
Q

Taro

A

found at Kuk Swamp and is not indigenous to the highlands

33
Q

Banana cultivation

A

6,500 years ago when the highlands environment changed from forest to grassland and required human intervention for banana plants to grow

34
Q

Only plants were involved

A

gradual in New Guinea. Pottery was introduced quite late and did not have a role in early agricultural systems

35
Q

The Andes

A

are the second highest mountain chain in the would with 4 primary zones based on altitude

36
Q

Quechua Zone

A

2,300-3,500 meters

corn grow well here

37
Q

Suni Zone

A

3,500-4,000 meters

indigenous crops such as quinoa, potatoes, oca, and olluco

38
Q

Puna zone

A

4,000-4,800 meters

open grassland for llamas and alpacas

39
Q

Cordillera Zone

A

4,800 + meters

altitude is too high for agriculture

40
Q

Coastal region

A

Andes is rich in marine resources

41
Q

Humboldt Current

A

brings cool water u the coast of South America, stirring up nutrients from the ocean surface

42
Q

Beans found in Guitarrero Cave

A

dates based on charcoal recovered from the same level dating to 10,000 years ago; however, AMS radiocarbon dating found the beans were only 4,300 years ago

43
Q

Llamas and alpacas

A

both animals are camelida and it appears they were domesticated between 10,000-5,000 years ago

44
Q

8,000 years ago

A

small settles villages developed along the Peruvian coast by hunter-gatherers who relied heavily on coastal marine resources

45
Q

Monumental architecture

A

began to appear along the coastal region around 5,700 years ago in a period called Cotton Preceramic

46
Q

2 coastal sites

A

wide range of domesticated plants (gourds, squash, chili peppers, beans, achira, and jicama) with the dominant crop being cotton used for making nets and textiles

47
Q

El Nino

A

results in a massive decline in marine resources, torrential rains on the shore and massive flood

48
Q

Domestication of plants and animals in the Andes

A

had little impact on how people lived

49
Q

Settled villages

A

preceded that adoption of agriculture. Villages were small collections of huts with little evidence of social inequality

50
Q

Animals domesticated in China included

A

dogs, pigs, and water buffalo in southern China

pigs, possibly chicken in northern China

51
Q

Earliest known pottery in East Asia

A

20,000 years ago

52
Q

Collecting wide rice

A

Actually domestication is difficult to determine in East Asia

53
Q

Earliest evidence of rice farming

A

found on village sites that dated to 9,000 -8,000 years ago

54
Q

Earliest evidence of millet

A

dates to roughly 10,000 years ago based on AMS radiocarbon dating

55
Q

Domestication of plant and animals in the East Asia

A

happened roughly the same time

56
Q

All regions of agriculture

A

was a gradual process

Archaeology (12 decks)

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