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Archaeology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Modern humans

A

a member of the species of Homo Sapiens, which includes all living humans today

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2
Q

Modern Humans Biological Characteristics

A
  • larger brain and globular braincase
  • Vertical forehead
  • Reduced brow ridges
  • Pronounced chin and smaller teeth
  • Reduced body mass and a narrow trunk
  • Unique pelvis shape
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3
Q

Modern humans first appeared

A

in Africa between 200,000-100,000 years ago

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4
Q

Fossils in Morocco

A

pushed the date to 300,000 years ago

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5
Q

Fossils in South Africa

A

120,000 and 70,000 years ago

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6
Q

Middle Stone Age

A

earliest modern humans in Africa that date between 300,000-40,000 years ago

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7
Q

Stone tools

A

much more variation in this period than previous periods

  • tang (base to secure to a spear or handle
  • finely made bifacial tools for knives or hunting points
  • Microliths made of multiple pieces and used for spears and arrows
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8
Q

Bone tools

A

first, make an appearance in this period

-The Democratic Republic of Congo dates 75,000 years ago (oldest known bone tools ever found)

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9
Q

Stone tool embedded in a bone

A

provide evidence of hunting (buffalo/cow)

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10
Q

Use of fire

A

intensive evidence

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11
Q

Shellfish and seal bones

A

found around water sources (little evidence of marine resources found at Neanderthals sites)

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12
Q

Fish bones and mollusk remains

A

dating 160,000 years old

some sites as well indicating fishing and expanding of the diet

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13
Q

Blombos Cave Sites

A

The earliest evidence of a hominin making a pattern comes from South Africa
Ochre (soft red iron-rich rock) date 100,000-77,000 years ago

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14
Q

Painted slab found in Namibia

A

dated 28,000-26,000 years ago (first stone tools were thought to be part of middle age)

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15
Q

Similarities in Neanderthals and Early Modern humans

A
  • Stone tools were made though prepared core-technology
  • There is variability in stone tools
  • Evidence exists of hunting and fire use in both
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16
Q

Differences in Early

A
  • Stone tools variability is greater
  • Elaborate bone tools exist
  • Evidence of fishing and collecting shellfish
  • Evidence of artwork
17
Q

Neanderthals disappeared form Europe

A

40,000-27,000 years ago

18
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A

archaeological period that corresponds to first occupation of Europe by modern humans

19
Q

Out of Africa Hypothesis

A

Neanderthals replaced by migrating monder humans

20
Q

Hybridization hypothesis

A

interbreed with monder humans as a hybrid and “dissappear” as a separate species

21
Q

Multi regional hypothesis

A

Neanderthals to evolve locally into modern humans

22
Q

Out of Africa

A

fossil records favor

23
Q

Neanderthals fossils

A

do not show modern human traits 36,000 years ago

24
Q

Challenges the multi-regional hypothesis

A

there should have been a longer-standing mix of traits

25
Q

DNA from Neanderthals

A

1-4% not native to Africa have neanderthals DNA

26
Q

timing of gene flow of Neanderthal and modern humans

A

ranges from 86,000-37,000 years ago

27
Q

Upper paleolithic

A

40,000-11,000 years ago shows a clear pattern of change in stone tools

  • Microliths
  • Bone tools
  • End-scrapers
  • Burins
  • Sophisticated points used as light projectiles
  • Atlatls (advanced spears)
28
Q

Human burials

A

rich ornamentation appear around 28,000 years ago

29
Q

Oldest piece of mobility art

A

dates 40,000-36,000 years ago found in Germany and consists of a lion-headed man carved out of ivory (earliest evidence of imagination)

30
Q

Cave paintings

A

first commonly protray animals (rarely humans)

31
Q

Earliest know painting cave

A

Chauvet Cave in France 38,000-33,000 years ago

32
Q

HUnting magic?

A

painting to make the hunt successful or as actul hunting plans

33
Q

Fertility magic?

A

to bring about fertility in animal population and/or human populations

34
Q

Shamans and trances

A

acting as intermediary between humans and the supernatural realm

35
Q

Mythogram

A

metaphysical map or drawing to explain the world

36
Q

Bodt ornamentation

A

such a necklaces made of bone beads, pierced animal teeth, and pierced shells also appear in this period

37
Q

Evidence of clothing

A

body ornamentation determined by discovery of ancient haed lice, dating to 70,000 years ag, tthat lived mainly in clothing

38
Q

Housing

A

hutalso appears and is evidenced by distributions of animal bones and artifacts near hearths that were not sheltered by caves or other natural geographic features

Archaeology (12 decks)

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