Chapter 5

Question 1

Modern humans

Answer 1

a member of the species of Homo Sapiens, which includes all living humans today

Question 2

Modern Humans Biological Characteristics

Answer 2

• larger brain and globular braincase
• Vertical forehead
• Reduced brow ridges
• Pronounced chin and smaller teeth
• Reduced body mass and a narrow trunk
• Unique pelvis shape

Question 3

Modern humans first appeared

Answer 3

in Africa between 200,000-100,000 years ago

Question 4

Fossils in Morocco

Answer 4

pushed the date to 300,000 years ago

Question 5

Fossils in South Africa

Answer 5

120,000 and 70,000 years ago

Question 6

Middle Stone Age

Answer 6

earliest modern humans in Africa that date between 300,000-40,000 years ago

Question 7

Stone tools

Answer 7

much more variation in this period than previous periods

• tang (base to secure to a spear or handle
• finely made bifacial tools for knives or hunting points
• Microliths made of multiple pieces and used for spears and arrows

Question 8

Bone tools

Answer 8

first, make an appearance in this period

-The Democratic Republic of Congo dates 75,000 years ago (oldest known bone tools ever found)

Question 9

Stone tool embedded in a bone

Answer 9

provide evidence of hunting (buffalo/cow)

Question 10

Use of fire

Answer 10

intensive evidence

Question 11

Shellfish and seal bones

Answer 11

found around water sources (little evidence of marine resources found at Neanderthals sites)

Question 12

Fish bones and mollusk remains

Answer 12

dating 160,000 years old

some sites as well indicating fishing and expanding of the diet

Question 13

Blombos Cave Sites

Answer 13

The earliest evidence of a hominin making a pattern comes from South Africa
Ochre (soft red iron-rich rock) date 100,000-77,000 years ago

Question 14

Painted slab found in Namibia

Answer 14

dated 28,000-26,000 years ago (first stone tools were thought to be part of middle age)

Question 15

Similarities in Neanderthals and Early Modern humans

Answer 15

• Stone tools were made though prepared core-technology
• There is variability in stone tools
• Evidence exists of hunting and fire use in both

Question 16

Differences in Early

Answer 16

• Stone tools variability is greater
• Elaborate bone tools exist
• Evidence of fishing and collecting shellfish
• Evidence of artwork

Question 17

Neanderthals disappeared form Europe

Answer 17

40,000-27,000 years ago

Question 18

Upper Paleolithic

Answer 18

archaeological period that corresponds to first occupation of Europe by modern humans

Question 19

Out of Africa Hypothesis

Answer 19

Neanderthals replaced by migrating monder humans

Question 20

Hybridization hypothesis

Answer 20

interbreed with monder humans as a hybrid and “dissappear” as a separate species

Question 21

Multi regional hypothesis

Answer 21

Neanderthals to evolve locally into modern humans

Question 22

Out of Africa

Answer 22

fossil records favor

Question 23

Neanderthals fossils

Answer 23

do not show modern human traits 36,000 years ago

Question 24

Challenges the multi-regional hypothesis

Answer 24

there should have been a longer-standing mix of traits

Question 25

DNA from Neanderthals

Answer 25

1-4% not native to Africa have neanderthals DNA

Question 26

timing of gene flow of Neanderthal and modern humans

Answer 26

ranges from 86,000-37,000 years ago

Question 27

Upper paleolithic

Answer 27

40,000-11,000 years ago shows a clear pattern of change in stone tools - Microliths - Bone tools - End-scrapers - Burins - Sophisticated points used as light projectiles - Atlatls (advanced spears)

Question 28

Human burials

Answer 28

rich ornamentation appear around 28,000 years ago

Question 29

Oldest piece of mobility art

Answer 29

dates 40,000-36,000 years ago found in Germany and consists of a lion-headed man carved out of ivory (earliest evidence of imagination)

Question 30

Cave paintings

Answer 30

first commonly protray animals (rarely humans)

Question 31

Earliest know painting cave

Answer 31

Chauvet Cave in France 38,000-33,000 years ago

Question 32

HUnting magic?

Answer 32

painting to make the hunt successful or as actul hunting plans

Question 33

Fertility magic?

Answer 33

to bring about fertility in animal population and/or human populations

Question 34

Shamans and trances

Answer 34

acting as intermediary between humans and the supernatural realm

Question 35

Mythogram

Answer 35

metaphysical map or drawing to explain the world

Question 36

Bodt ornamentation

Answer 36

such a necklaces made of bone beads, pierced animal teeth, and pierced shells also appear in this period

Question 37

Evidence of clothing

Answer 37

body ornamentation determined by discovery of ancient haed lice, dating to 70,000 years ag, tthat lived mainly in clothing

Question 38

Housing

Answer 38

hutalso appears and is evidenced by distributions of animal bones and artifacts near hearths that were not sheltered by caves or other natural geographic features