Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Populations of Homo erectus arrived in Java, Indonesia

A

as early as 1.8 mya

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2
Q

Sahul

A

connection in landmasses in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea in lowest sea level during that time period

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3
Q

Sunda

A

landmasses connecting Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and most of Indonesia)

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4
Q

Wallacea Island

A

separated Sahul and Sunda was too deep to have ever been dry land in the past 50 million years

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5
Q

The Wallace Line

A

the line that separates the unique animals and plants of Australia (Sahul) from those of Southeast Asia (Sunda)
- humans had to cross the line by sea to reach Australia

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6
Q

Flores in Wallacea

A

Homo Erectus fossils were found from 900,000-800,000 years ago

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7
Q

Homo floresiensis

A

hominis date back between 100,000-60,000 years ago was found on Flores Islands

  • much smaller in size (results of long-term isolation on an island with limited food and nutrition)
  • tools were very simple and used flakes as cores
  • not distinct species but rather microcephaly (smaller head size)
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8
Q

Humans arrival in Austraila

A

60,000-50,000 years ago (10,000 years before arriving in Europe)

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9
Q

Possile Scenarios for the people of Asutraila

A
  • Modern humans migrating out of Africa were capable of sea voyages and had already spread far beyond Africa
  • Multiregional hypothesis: modern humans evolved locally from Homo erectus inEast Asia, while another modern humans group evolved fromHomo erectus in Africa
  • Multiple dispersals of modern humans out of Africa occurred and those arriving to Australia followed the same coastal route used by Homo Erectus to get to Java
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10
Q

Extinction of Megafauna

A

in Australia took place between 50,000-40,000 years ago (took place 10,000 years after the first arrival of humans in Australia)

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11
Q

Glacial maximum

A

climate change occurred 20,000-15,000 years ago (extinction took place before that)

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12
Q

Human Activity

A

little evidence for hunting of megafauna by humans and little evidence for highly sophisticated hunting weapons

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13
Q

Altered the ecology

A

by using fire to smoke animals to hunt, which destroyed the grasses and other food sources for megafauna (still used by Aboriginal peoples in the 1800s)

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14
Q

Rock art

A

popular form of expression early on in peopling of Australia

- highly developed mythological and ritual trditional

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15
Q

x-ray style

A

applying beeswax to rock-shelter wall and often the depicted internal bone structure

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16
Q

Ubirr

A

figure shows various equiment carried by hunter-gatherer aboriginal people in Kakadu National Park in Australia

17
Q

Micronesia and Polynesia

A

first spread out around 35,000 years ago

18
Q

Obsidian and bones

A

not a one-time chance voyage likely was sustained trade between the various islands

19
Q

Lapita

A

style of pottery 3,500 years ago spread across the region

20
Q

Strict rules of inheritance

A

favored the firstborn child (motivated younger siblings to seek their own”house” and traveled a new lands

21
Q

Advanced seafaring

A

explain the migration

22
Q

3 current Models for Human Occupation of the “Americas”

A
  • Clovis first model (the Clovis culture is considered the first humans occupation of the “New World” 13,500-12,500 years ago)
  • Pre-Clovis Model (human occupation of the “Americas” predates 13,500 years ago)
  • Early arrival model (humans arrived by 30,000 years ago)
23
Q

Clovis first model

A
  • 1932, CLOVIS, NM at Blackwater Draw spearpoints were found underneath a level of bison remains and Folsom points
  • were found with mammoth and horse bones, and are slightly different from Folsom points
  • since been found on a large number of sites across North America
  • evidence of the earliest human occupation of the “Americans”
  • 13,5000-12,500 years ago
24
Q

Clovis first model migration

A

from Siberia to North America via the Beringia land bridge when the global sea levels dropped during a period of glacial advance

25
Q

Ice-free corridor

A

traveled from Alaska to the Great Plains between the western Cordilleran glacier and eastern Laurentide glacier

  • hard for humans to survive in this zone
  • no cosistent chronological pattern from Siberia to NM some points in Alaska are younger than NM
26
Q

Meadowcroft Rockshelter

A

western Pennsylvania with 11 natural levels that dates between 23,000-15,000 years ago (might have been carried by grounwater)

27
Q

Monte Verde, Chile

A

occupied that dates to 15,000 years ago and includes oddly preseved organic remains (animal meat, rope, wood)

28
Q

Coastal Migration

A

suggest that people migrated along the ice-land, which wounld explain why older remains are found in Chile than the Great Plains

29
Q

Early Arrival model

A

first appeared in the “Americas” as early as 50,000 years ago
- earlierst occupied in Siberia dates to only 30,000 years ago

30
Q

Genetic testing

A

few remains that exist older than 9,000 years ago

- the few remains the exist and of living Native Ameriacan populations reveal strong support for pre-Clovis model

31
Q

Beringian Standstill Hypothesis

A

population was issolated around 25,000 years ago and around 16,000 years ago when the ice sheets retreated ad rapidly dispersed in “Americas”

32
Q

Megafauna extinction

A

occured at the smae time as the Clovis period

- 17 genera megafauna became extince between 13,250-12,900 years ago

33
Q

Paleoindian time period

A

Clovis (13,500-12,5000) and Folsom (12,600-12,200) time periods combined

34
Q

Archaic Period

A

follows paleoindian period and shift to increase reliance on smaller animals and plants foods

35
Q

Systematic burial

A

dead also is evidenced in the archaic period

36
Q

Middle and Late Archaic

A

around 8,000 years aog was increased emphasis on collecting shellfish in the southeast U.S. area

37
Q

Newnans Lake, Flordia

A

drought in 2000 lowered the lake and reveled 42 Late Archaic conoes

38
Q

Mound buildings

A

practice in the Archaic period