Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Mesoamerica

A

maize was initially domestication

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2
Q

Maize Domestication in 3 regions

A
  • Mesoamerica
  • Southwest United States
  • Eastern North America
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3
Q

Regional Variation

A

agriculture was prominent, starting as early as 10,000 years ago

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4
Q

Mesoamerica

A

has been studied as the area where maize, squash, and beans (the 3 sisters)

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5
Q

Maize

A

plays a central subsistence and spirirual role in indgenous farming communities throughout all the “Americas”

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6
Q

Teosinte

A

a wild grass that is the wild (undomesticated) ancestor of maize
- produces 2 rows of small triangular-shaped seeds, while maize seeds are several times larger and growing in four or more rows

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7
Q

Rachis of teosinte

A

is brittle to disperse seeds, while the rachis of maize is not brittle (it’s tougher)

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8
Q

a single center of domestication of maize

A

evidence that teosinte became maize formed in the highlands of Mexico

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9
Q

Highlands of Mexico

A

excavation of dry caves revealed well-preserved plant remains

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10
Q

Plant remains included

A

maize, squash, and beans that likely were domesticated by groups of mobile hunter-gatherers

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11
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

the identifiable plants remains were too small, but other materials such as wood charcoal were used to determine the age of the remains

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12
Q

Accelerator Mass Spectromertry (AMS)

A

radiocarbon dating recently developed is now used to date even the smallest of plant remains

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13
Q

Curcubita pepo

A

which is the ancestor of squash we eat today (pumpkin, zucchini, and acorn, marrow and spaghetti squash)

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14
Q

10,000-8,300 years ago

A

earliest domestication squash

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15
Q

select squash

A

Thickness of rind and change in color from green to orange

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16
Q

Earliest maize was found at the Guila Naquitz in Oaxaca, Mexico

A

dated 62,50 years ago

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17
Q

Though rachis

A

one cob had 2 rows of kernels and one had 4 rows

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18
Q

selection of gradual increase

A

Size of the cob and the number of kernels over time

19
Q

Beans

A

found in Mesoamerica dated to 2,500 years ago, but they were likely domestication erlier (possibly at rhw smae time as maize)

20
Q

Chili peppers

A

were domesticated in the region as well, but actual dates have not yet been established

21
Q

Turkeys

A

were the only animals domesticated in Mesoamerica, but actual dates of domestication are still unknown

22
Q

Maize and squash

A

agriculture spread to the southwestern region of the United States around 3,000 years ago
- agriculture varied across the region (some groups increased sedentism, others remained hunter-gatherers)

23
Q

Cerro Juanaquena

A

site in northwest Chihuahua near the New Mexico boreder that has extensive terrace walls and 100 rock rings (terraces may have been used to provide flat surface for houses, rock rign function is unknown)

24
Q

4 maize kernels

A

found date to 3,70 years ago and 600 grinding slabs found, indicating grinding seeds or grains was important

25
Q

Optimal Forging Theory

A

humans acts on basis of rational self-intrerst to maximize efficiency in collecting and processing resources

26
Q

Jornada Mogollon

A

region is drier and riskier for maize agriculture, but has natural plants and bushes that provide adequate nutrients

27
Q

Cerro Juanaquena

A

receives more rainfall, is better for growing maize, and has fewer nutritious local wild plants

28
Q

Las Capas

A

Early site near Tucson,AZ that has terrace walls and a sequence of canals sating to between 3,250-2,500 years ago that carried water at least 2 kilometers (1.25 miles) from the Santa Cruz River to irrigated fields

29
Q

White Dog Cave

A

(named for mummified dog burials at site) revealed a net made of fiber strings, woven baskets, human burials, sandals made of yucca fiber, cradles for infants, etc.

30
Q

Pottery

A

widespread in the Southwest around 1,800 years ago

31
Q

Overlaping

A

of pottery and domestication beans

32
Q

Typical sites

A

this time included pit houses that were square or rectangular and were excavated 1 to 2 meters below the surface with a superstructure of wooden beams, brush, and soil
- 2-35 houses

33
Q

Turkey feathers

A
  • were used for texture
  • were the first animal to be domesticated for consumption in the region
  • Isotopic analysis of turkey bones fed on maize demonstrating a strong connection between domesticated crops and animals
34
Q

Maize

A

first domesticated in Eastern North America between 3,200-1,700 years ago and is associated with the Adena and Hopewell traditions

35
Q

Adena tradition

A

a period of intensive mound building in the Ohio River Valley associated with the Early Woodland culture 3,200-2,000 years ago
- earliest ceramics found in the region

36
Q

Hopewell tradition

A

period of intensive mound building on the Ohio River Valley that correspond to the middle woodland culture 2,000-1,700 years ago

37
Q

Both Adena and Hopewell traditions

A

is evidence of elaborate burial practices including the construction of mound and extensive trade network

38
Q

Hopewell mounds

A

revealed that multiple humans remains were placed in structures built of bent poles that were covered by the dirt mounds

39
Q

Hopewell material culture

A

included impressive art objects made of copper, mica and polished stone
some objects were traded over long distances and found in burials

40
Q

Extensive trade network

A

the Hopewell tradition and construction of massive earthworks came to an end about 1,700 years ago

41
Q

Hopewell tradition

A

lived in concentrated settlements or dispersed across the landscape in small farmsteads

42
Q

2 Hopewell houses

A

were identified in Newark Earthworks on Ohio, but little additional evidence has been found to determine Hopewell settlement patterns in the region

43
Q

Number of large settled villages

A

maize was found as far north as Ontario

44
Q

Maize

A

didn’t play a major role in the diet until 1,000 years ago in this region, which means it took 700 years for maize to become an essential food source