Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the Neanderthals time peirod

A

Pleistocene era (Ice Age)

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2
Q

Pleistocene

A

began 1.8 mya and consisted of frequent build up and retreating of continental ice sheets
An unstable climate overtime period

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3
Q

4 major cycles

A

ice sheets based on features in landscape (initially geologist)

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4
Q

Additional evidence

A

core drilled from the ocean floor or glacial advance and retreat (many glacial and interglacial)

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5
Q

Gran Dolina

A
  • massive cave in Spain with 11 archaeological levels and stone tools and hominin remains dating to 800,000 years ago
  • hominins occupied Spain as early as 1 mya
  • animal bones dating 700,000 years ago in Italy
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6
Q

Bose site

A

hand axes and other tools in China 800,000 years ago

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7
Q

Acheulian site in Israel

A

evidence of cracking nuts for consumption 780,000 years ago

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8
Q

Eurasia

A

acheulian sites common across Europe and the Middle East and India 500,00 years ago

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9
Q

Beeches Pit Site

A

England provides evidence of a concentration of charred bones and stool tools that dates to 400,000 years ago

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10
Q

Unique wooden spear

A

In Germany date to 400,000 years ago

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11
Q

Artwork or ritual behavior

A

pebble with a design from 230,000 years ago in Israel

shell with grid design in Indonesia dating from 540,000-430,000 years ago

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12
Q

Special treatment for the dead

A

found in Spain to 300,000 years ago

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13
Q

small crevice opening

A

27 hominin individuals were too small for carnivores to drag them in
- Single quartz hand axe no evidence of burial and one skull had 2 blows to the upper forehead

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14
Q

2 major questions

A
  • Are Neanderthals a subspecies of Homo Sapiens or are they their own species (Homo neanderthalensis)?
  • Who was the shared ancestor of both modern humans and Neanderthals?
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15
Q

3 possible scenarios for a common ancestor of mondern humans and Neanderthals

A
  • Both evolved separately from Homo erectus (they evolved at the same time but in a separate geographic area)
  • The common ancestor was a distinct species that evolved from Homo erectus, possibly Homo heidelbergensis (both then evolved separately in parallel and in different geographic areas)
  • There was a constant exchange of genetic material and they didn’t evolve in isolation of each other (yet, Neanderthal skeletal traits are distinct), so they are a single species
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16
Q

Neanderthal skeleton

A
  • Elongated skull with occipital bun
  • Projection face and large nose
  • sloping forehead and almost absent chin
  • Brow ridge is double arched and the brain is larger than Homo Erectus (similar size as modern humans)
  • Skull is not as thick as that Homo erectus, but thicker than modern humans
  • molars were large and front teeth show wear (indication regular use of incisors for gripping hides and eating)
  • body is stocky, robust and similar in proportion to modern humans (adapted for colder climates)
17
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

1999 Neanderthal fossil from Croatia

18
Q

When did the sepration happen

A

Neaderthal (was a small group) and modern humans separated about 650,000 years ago

19
Q

Denisovans

A

another groups found in a coave in Siberia that was genetically distince from Neatherthals and monder humans ( but neanerthals bones also found in same cave)

20
Q

Oldest neanderthals skelntans

A
Nothern France (175,000 years)
Eastern Germany (250,000 -200,000)
21
Q

Mediterranean-climates woodlands

Grasslands

A

neanderthals lived from Western Europe to central Asia and the middle east

22
Q

Middle Paleolithic

A

Stone tools
- rarely made handaxes and their stone tools were divers throughout the region
- toolmaking was highly sophisticated (learn behavior)
- ware on teeth reveals Neanderthal used their teeth as a third hand
Hunting
- a large number of animal carcasses provides evidence of a large game
- tools such as spears found in Germany hunted large game, bison
Coast Gibraltar exploitation fish, shellfish and other marine resources have been found as well but
Diet
- bone chemistry Belgium, France, and Croatia (meat eaters)
97% of the Neanderthal diets, but plants were also consumed
- toothpicks used on teeth has also been verified
- plants also may have been consumed for medical uses

23
Q

Site Organization and use of fire

A

base camps (sheltered location to which meat and other resources would have been brought for consumption

  • many base camps are located in caves, evidenced by charcoal, bone fragments, and fragments of stone tools
  • alignment of stone are occasionally reported, but evidence of constructed at sites is rare
  • no evidence that permanent hearths were maintained
24
Q

Treatment of the dead

A

Kebara cave
- no evidence of disturbance by scavengers on a full corpse
Amud cave
- an infant was buried with the upper jaw of a read dear (no other specimen were found at the site)

25
Q

Artwork

A
  • currently no known artwork from Middle archaeological site
  • possible piece of evidence in bedrock in Gibraltar 39,000 years ago
  • mineral color (red ochre and black manganese) no painted objects have been found (may have painted bodies or practiced tattoong)
26
Q

Neandethals society

A
  • base camps demonstrated societies characterized by sharing (alos some cannibalism)
  • ston tools manufacture show
  • no pbjects found to reveal a sence of gourp identity
  • no evidence of any markers of status or wealth and almost on evidence of any kind of ritual object
  • no evidence of gender roles or social hierarchy
  • group size had to determinme, but most sites were limited in size and scope as ther are no signs of over-consumption of other animals such as tortoises at the time
  • most likely were highly mobile