Chapter 10

Question 1

Social inequality and economic inequality

Answer 1

go hand-in-hand with the concentration of wealth in the hands of a small percentage of the population (an elite)

Question 2

relatively recent

Answer 2

centralized government or authority and marked social and economic inequality are developments in human society

Question 3

4 categories of social orgnization

Answer 3

• Egalitarian (the only differences in status are based on skill, age, and gender
• Ranked (there is a hierarchy of prestige not linked to age, gender, or ability and few positions of prestige exist
• Stratified (access to key resources is linked to prestige (chief or “big men” have more access to resources))
• States (power is organized on supra-kin basis or by bureaucracy that uses force (complex governments))

Question 4

Emergence of increasing inequality

Answer 4

the transitions between these categories did not follow a single trajectory in all societies

Question 5

Empires

Answer 5

a political entity that brings together a diverse and heterogeneous group of societies under a single ruler

Question 6

Irrigation systems

Answer 6

archaeologists argue that early states formation was related to the development

Question 7

Hierarchical from of government

Answer 7

theory states that the need to organize large groups of workers to build and maintain irrigation canals

Question 8

Roots of power

Answer 8

early state society formation is essentially a search which is the glue that held large-scale, highly differentiated societies together

Question 9

Resides in institutions

Answer 9

critical characteristic of power in state societies, as well as with some charismatic individuals

Question 10

3 possible major elements in formation of state societies

Answer 10

• Control of Information (ability to gather, control, and record information)
• Development of Specialized Craft Production (transmission of elaborate technical skill and knowledge among a small group of people)
• Development of Writing System and Mathematical Knowledge (gave centralized government the ability to control resources and people)

Question 11

Western economics

Answer 11

origin of the state tends to focus on factors as access to resources, control of labor, population size, competition, access to information and bureaucracy

Question 12

4 Pre-State Complex Societies

Answer 12

• Stonehenge
• Chaco Canyon
• Cahokia
• Great Zimbabwe